Quinine injection

Faouzi, M. A., Khalfi, F., Dine,T.,Luyckx, M., Brunet, C., Gressier, B., Goudaliez,F., Cazin, M., Kablan, J., Belabed, A., and Cazin, J. C. (1999), Stability, compatibility and plasticizer extraction of quinine injection added to infusion solutions and stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers,/ Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 21, 923-930. 

Methods for determination of thiol drugs (i.e., captopril [21-25], penicillamine [26-28], hydrochlorothiazide [24, 25, 29, 30], and tiopronin [31, 32]) have been developed. These methods are based on CL from a cerium (IV) oxidation system sensitized by adequate fluorophores such as quinine and rhodamine B. By using HPLC-coupled CL-flow-injection analysis method, tiopronin and its metabolite 2-mercaptopropionic acid in human urine were sensitively determined with the detection limits of 0.8 and 1 pM, respectively [32],... 

FIGURE 1.30 Micro-HPLC separation of all 4 stereoisomers of the dipeptide alanyl-alanine as FMOC derivatives (a) and DNP-derivatives (b), respectively, on a 0-9-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)quinine-based CSP. Experimental conditions Column dimension, 150 X 0.5 mm ID mobile phase (a) acetonitrile-methanol (80 20 v/v) containing 400 mM acetic acid and 4 mM triethylamine, and (b) methanol-0.5 M ammonium acetate buffer (80 20 v/v) (pHa 6.0) flow rate, 10 ixLmin temperature, 25 C injection volume, 250 nL detection, UV at 250 nm. (Reproduced fromC. Czerwenka et al., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 30 1789 (2003). With permission.)... 

Figure 1.8 Use of capillary electrophoresis for separating the diastereomers quinine (QN) and quinidine (QD) (H-QN is hydroquinine, QD-N-OX is quinidine iV-oxide, H-QD is hydroquinidine, 3-OH-QD is 3-hydroxyquinidine, and asterisk is an unidentified impurity). Reprinted from [17], copyright 2001, with permission from Elsevier. (Capillary 47 cm X 75 pm i.d. (40 cm to detector) (Polymicro Technologies) running buffer 50 mM phosphoric acid containing 15 mM /3-cyclodextrin adjusted to pH 2.5 with NaOH voltage 7 kV current 21 pA injection at 0.5 psi for 4 s detector fluorescence (HeCd laser) excitation 325 nm, emission 450 nm.)...

Cinchona alkaloids quinidine gluconate injection quinine sulfate... 

It also has anaesthetic, local irritant action. Quinine causes hypotension, cardiac depression (IV injection), stimulates myometrium and rapid IV injection causes hypoglycaemia. 

Despite being a wonder drug against malaria, quinine in therapeutic doses can cause various side-effects, e.g. nausea, vomiting and cinchonism, and in some patients pulmonary oedema. It may also cause paralysis if accidentally injected into a nerve. An overdose of quinine may have fatal consequences. Non-medicinal uses of quinine include its uses as a flavouring agent in tonic water and bitter lemon. 

Quinidine Quinidine, molecular formula C20H24N2O2, is a stereoisomer of quinine found in Cinchona bark. Chemically, it is known as (2-ethenyl-4-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-yl)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-methanol, or 6 -methoxycinchonan-9-ol. It is used as a Class 1 anti-arrhythmic agent. Intravenous injection of quinidine is also used in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Among the adverse effects, quinidine induces thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts) and may lead to thrombocytic purpurea. 

Parenteral 80 mg/mL (equivalent to 50 mg/mL base) for injection Quinine (generic)... 

The determination of quinicine, the oxidative decomposition product of quinine, has been reported by polarography [74]. Quinicine was determined in the presence of a 1000-fold excess of quinine in quinine salts and injectibles. The assay was rendered specific for quinicine in the presence of quinine by the... 

All the new synthetic antimalarials may apparently be administered safely to the pregnant woman, but it is a firmly entrenched clinical impression that quinine in full dosage is contraindicated in the mother and may cause serious visual and oral disturbances in the infant. Black-water fever, a little-understood hemolytic syndrome sometimes complicating P. falciparum cases, has been associated with quinine administration in a high proportion of instances. If quinine is injected... 

Fig. la,b. FIA-MS single ion chromatogram of quinine (MW=324.2, C20H24N2O2) a single set of eight injections b full 96-well microtiter plate, obtained with a flow rate of 2 ml/min, and no split prior to sample introduction to the mass spectrometer. The switching valves were triggered at a rate of 0.8 s/sample. The peak widths were measured as 0.5 s at fwhm (a) and 0.9 s at the base (b). Reprinted with permission from K. Morand [31]... 

In view of the known basic antimalarial drugs (such as chloroquine, quinine) that are being used as salts for injection, it was proposed that introducing an amino group into the qinghaosu molecule may lead to water-soluble derivatives. Thus, five types of basic qinghaosu derivatives were synthesized (Structure... 

Fig. 9.38. Loadability of different CSPs under bateh-ehromatography arnditions. (a) Triigcr base on Chi-ralpak AD methanol vs. aeetonitrilc (

A population pharmacokinetic study of intramuscular quinine (loading dose 20 mg/kg salt diluted 1 1 in water) in 120 Ghanaian children with severe malaria showed predictable profiles, which were within the target range for quinine (15-20 pg/ml) and independent of clinical and laboratory variables (1). Adverse events included skin induration or abscesses at the injection site (12%), all of which resolved without surgical intervention, and hypoglycemia (10%), a special risk in children who were hypoglycemic at presentation. 

Rashes are common in allergic reactions. Photosensitivity induced by quinine has been reported some of the cases occurred in elderly persons taking quinine for night cramps (28). Another form of hypersensitivity to quinine is cutaneous neutrophilic vasculitis, which is a form of photosensitivity (SEDA-16, 305). Local pigmentation has been described after intramuscular injection (SEDA-13, 815). 

Addicts typically use street heroin mixed with a number of adulterants, such as quinine or lactose, and they often inject combinations of illicit drugs. Three patients who developed the clinical and morphologic picture of heroin nephropathy claimed to have used only intravenous pentazocine and tripelennamine [41]. It has been suggested that the contaminants rather than the narcotic itself might be the inciting factor through the mechanism of mesangial overload [34]. 

Verzele et al.2 concluded that the "cold on-column" injection, applied for the piperine assay, and the "falling needle" injection, applied for the quinine-quinidine assay, are the best alternative at the moment for quantitative capillary gas chromatography. They are applicable to high temperature capillary gas chromatography, but they also have their limitations. 

Bonora et al 3,43 described a method for the analysis of quinidine in urine Rakhit et al.33 and Patel74 reported methods suited for the analysis of quinidine in urine. LagerstrBm31 injected urine directly on the column for the analysis of quinidine. Barrow et al.47 reported the analysis of quinine and quinidine and their respective metabolites in rat urine. Flood et al.43 determined simultaneously three antiarrhytmic drugs in plasma by means of HPLC. As a common dilutant for drugs of abuse, quinine is often found and determined in mixtures of such drugs (Table 5.1). The analysis of quinine in soft drinks have also been accomplished by means of HPLC (Table 5.6). 

Column Lichrosorb RP8 10 ym (150x3 mm ID), mobile phase 25% propanol and 0.01% sodium dodecylsulfate in 0.025 M sodium sulfate (pH 6.4), detection UV 243 nm. Peak 1, quinine. 10 yl injection of mixture of 1 ml tonic diluted with 2 ml eluent. 

X.W. Zheng, Z.J. Zhang, Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of quinine using Mn3+ as the oxidant, Anal. Sci. 16 (2000) 1345. 

Heptyl prodigiosin (43) [Fig. (13)] is another antimalarial alkaloid isolated from a tunicate. Precisely, this pigment was purified from a culture of a-proteobacteria isolated from a marine tunicate and showed an antimalarial activity similar to that of quinine against the chloroquine -sensitive strain P. falciparum 3D7 with an in vitro activity that was about 20 times the in vitro cytotoxic activity against mouse lymphocytes. When this molecule was tested in vivo, a single administration of 5 mg/Kg significantly extended the survival of P. berghei ANKA strain-infected mice but, unfortunately, the same dose caused sclerotic lesions at the site of injection [62],... 

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