Quaternary systems containing

Hantzschel, D., Enders, S., Kahl, H., and Quitzsch, K. (1999), Phase behaviour of quaternary systems containing carbohydrate surf actants-water-oil-cosurf actant, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1,5703-5701. 

Hirsch, E. Wittmann, J.C. Candan, F. Structure and viscometric behaviour of gel phases in quaternary systems containing anionic surfactants. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 1982, 5, 351-372. 

As a brief conclusion it can be noted that many nonaqueous microemulsions reported do not seem to contain an organized structure, being simply molecular solutions. Since the degree of organization already in many aqueous microemulsion is low, in particular for quaternary systems containing ionic surfactant and cosurfactant, this is not really surprising. 

Figure 1 Pseudo ternary phase diagrams at room temperature of (a) quaternary systems containing lecithin, butanol, isopropyl myristate, and water or (b) a 10 wt% aqueous solution of sodium salicylate, at a lecithin/butanol ratio of 1 1. (Adapted from Ref. 9.)...

Deng, T.L. Meng, L.Z. Sim, B. (2008d). Metastable phase equilibria of the reciprocal quaternary system containing sodium, potassium, chloride and borate ions at 308.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 704-709, ISSN 0021-9568... 

A similar three-liquid region was observed by Ali and Mulley [28] in a quaternary system containing dodecane, water and two non-ionic surfactants, CjoE and C10E3. The compositions involved were near the face of the tetrahedron representing the four-component system and containing about equal quantities of water and dodecane and 1 to 2.5 % C qE, Addition of 3 to 7.2 % C10E3 to this two-phase, three-component system in the face of the tetrahedron, produced the system with three liquid phases in equilibrium. The lower liquid... 

The binary, ternary, and quaternary systems containing oxides of relevance to cement science have been studied at ambient temperatures or under autoclaving conditions. Various hydrated products, crystalline as well as poorly crystallized, are formed. 

TABLE 1.2 Mutual Diffusion Coefficients for Aqueous Some Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Systems Containing Electrolytes Measured by Our Research Group - - ... 

W. Mardis, J. Sanchaz, and H. Basson. Organoclay compositions manufactured with organic acid ester-derived quaternary ammonium compounds, their preparation and non-aqueous fluid systems containing such compositions. Patent EP 798267, 1997. 

The resulting derivatives (269) can be considered as strategically important intermediates in the synthesis of glycosidase inhibitors and carbocyclic nucleosides (150). A new approach to the stereoselective synthesis of the piperidine ring with the use of [4+ 2] [3+ 2]-cycloaddition from specially prepared substrates is also very interesting (431)b, c. In the context of this problem, the conditions for the formation of systems containing quaternary vicinal stereocenters were found. 

Scheme 82 shows the intramolecular version of the reaction using an alkenyl iodide in the presence of the same Pd system containing silver phosphate (194,195). The reaction can also be used for the asymmetric synthesis of quaternary carbon centers. 

SILICATES (Soluble). The most common and commercially used soluble silicates are those of sodium and potassium. Soluble silicates are systems containing varying proportions of an alkali metal or quaternary ammonium ion and silica. The soluble silicates can be produced over a wide range of stoichiometric and nonstoicluometric composition and are distinguished by the ratio of silica to alkali. This ratio is generally expressed as the weight percent ratio of silica to alkali-metal oxide (SiOj/MjO). Particularly with lithium and quaternary ammonium silicates, the molar ratio is used. 

Most known quaternary nitrides contain lithium and are synthesized by reacting a lithium-containing ternary nitride with a metal or metal nitride (Table 8.1, Equation 5). Many of the quaternary nitrides reported also may be synthesized by the reaction of the elements either under N2 or with Li3N. Very few true quaternary compounds are known, and further studies of ternary systems are needed before advances in the synthesis of quaternary systems can be realized. 

Problem Formulation. The conditions of equilibrium require the equivalence in each phase of temperature, pressure, and chemical potential for each component that is transferable between the phases and are subject to constraints of stoichiometry. A statement of the equivalence of chemical potential is identical to equations 8 and 9. An example is the AJB C D quaternary system. This system contains four binary compounds, AC, BC, AD, and BD, and the conditions of equilibrium allow three equations (of the type given by equation 8) to be written. The fourth possible equation is redundant as a result of the stoichiometric constraint (i.e., equal number of atoms on each sublattice). 

This section describes known quaternary chalcogenide systems containing silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and indium. 

There are two other variants of the structure we should mention, the P "- and )8 -aluminas. These have spinel sheets 6 oxygen layers thick, as shown in Figure 47 (i). They are related one to another as are P- and jS"-alumina, that is, /S "-alumina is hexagonal while j5""-alumina is rhombohedral. The structure of P " has been determined and it has an idealized formula of NaMg2Ali5025. The structure is analogous to j8-alumina in that all of the alkali-metal atoms are to be found in partly occupied planes lying between the spinel sheets. These latter contain the aluminium and magnesium in octahedral and tetrahedral positions, as in spinel itself. These forms of jS-alumina are also not found in the ternary Na-Al-0 system but are formed in a number of quaternary systems, notably Mg-Na-Al-0. 

The production of boron containing Si-C-N-ceramics provides an efficient system for materials with high thermal stability. Previously, the preparation of quaternary systems such as Si-B-C-N was realized by blending boron-containing compounds with polysilazanes This processing route leads to an inhomogenous elemental distribution in the finally received ceramic. In the last few years several investigations of ceramics derived from different polymers have been performed [1-3]. Therefore, the stoichiometry and basic structure units determine the properties of the final non-oxide ceramic materials [4-5]. 

Systems containing a transition-metal anion, with a quaternary onium ion as the cation (e. g., [R4N]3 [IrCl6] ), should possess an advantage [198-200]. The bifunctional catalytic properties of such systems were demonstrated in the hydrosilylation of PhC=CH and subsequent PTC reaction with dichlorocarbene... 

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