Quantity of biomass

One aspect of the basic equation describing biological treatment of waste that has not been referred to previously is that biomass appears on both sides of the equation. As was indicated above, the only reason that microorganisms function in waste-treatment systems is because it enables them to reproduce. Thus, the quantity of biomass in a waste-treatment system is higher after the treatment process than before it. 

Land use changes in the tropics have resulted in a landscape characterized as a mosaic of logged forests, cleared fields, and successional forests. This results in the transformation from extremely fire resistant rainforest ecosystems to anthropogenic landscapes in which fire is a common event (16, 17), Fires occur in disturbed tropical forests because deforestation has a dramatic effect on microclimate. Deforestation results in lower relative humidities, increased wind speeds, and increased air temperatures. In addition, deforestation results in increased quantities of biomass that are susceptible to fire. This biomass may be in the form of forest slash, leaf litter, grasses, lianas or herbaceous species (16, 18). 

Biomass Redistribution Associated with Deforestation and Fire. The influence of deforestation on biogeochemical cycles is dependent upon a number of factors associated with the unique characteristics of the ecosystem (climate, soils, topography, etc), the quantity of the total nutrient pool stored in aboveground biomass (Table II), and the level of disturbance (i.e. the degree of canopy removal, soil disturbance, and the quantity of wood or other forest products exported from the site). The quantity of biomass consumed by one or more slash fires following deforestation can also dramatically increase nutrient losses, influence post fire plant succession, and hence, postfire biogeochemical cycles. 

Zinc Analysis. For EMI of zinc accumulation of Ps. 244, the ligand salicylaldehyde-2-quinolylhydrazone (SAQH) was used. The SAQH was prepared by refluxing sallcylaldehyde (Aldrich) with 2-hydrazlnoqulnollne (Kodak) as described by Sommer al. (12). In methodology analogous to the tin work described above, known quantities of biomass were exposed to 1.0-30.0 ppm aqueous solutions of ZnBtj. Cell samples were periodically withdrawn from the zinc solution in attempts to measure the kinetics of accumulation of the metal. For EMI analysis cells were suspended in 0.20 mL PIPES and were then treated with 0.10 mL of 3.0 x 10 M SAQH in EtOH. The cell samples were then rewashed and resuspended in 0.30 mL PIPES for EHI analysis (A, =366 nm, A, =498 nm). 

Under ideal batch growth conditions, the quantity of biomass, and therefore the biomass concentration will increase exponentially with respect to time and in accordance with all cells having the same probability to multiply. Thus the overall rate of biomass formation is proportional to the biomass itself where... 

Here, X(f),X(0) and X(f) are the quantities of biomass (dry weight) at time t, the start of the test and the finish of the test, respectively. Similarly, %02(t), %O2(0) and %02(f) are the measured 02 percentages in the headspace at those times. This calculation could not be performed for the tests started with cultures that had grown under normal closures before being flushed and stoppered, since the biomass at the start of the test was unknown. The X(t) values for those tests were estimated by working backwards from their final biomass, assuming that the ratio of (biomass generated)/(02 consumed) was similar to those of the other tests. The X(t) values for the 7- and 8-day-old cultures are consequently much less reliable. 

Ordovician paleosols, and palynological evidence indicates no more than a cover of liverwort-like plants to feed such soil respiration (Strother et ah, 1996 Strother, 2000). Primary carbon fixation by these thin thalli with short root hairs could not have created a quantity of biomass or humus comparable to that of modern grasslands. 

Nutrient-use efficiency is greatest where production is nutrient-limited. Differences among plants in tissue nutrient concentration provide insight into the quantity of biomass that an ecosystem can produce per unit of nutrient. Nutrient-use efficiency is the ratio of nutrients to biomass lost in litterfall (i.e., the inverse of nutrient concentration in plant litter)... 

Energy Potential from Oil Palm By-products. Apart from cmde palm oil and pahn kernel, a palm oil mill also produces a large quantity of biomass as byproducts. In general, an EFB contains about 20% palm oil, 6-7% palm kernel,... 

Raw water was pumped from the Marne River and settled before introduction into the pilot filtration unit, to remove the easy particles. This water was chosen because of its low organic carbon concentration in order to limit the quantity of biomass on the activated carbon (an excessive biomass may screen the pores of this support, and prevent adsorption of the adsorbable molecules) [ 11 ] ... 

We have studied CO2 fixation of the exhaust gas from thermal power stations by microalgal photosynthesis. In order to utilize the resulting large quantities of biomass for fuel, compost, feed and other useful chemical substances, we have screened microalgae which produce lipids or hydrocarbons. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a green alga tolerant of the concentration of 10%CO2 at30t . 

Storage. The quantities required for a commercial conversion facility demand the use of storage facilities even if only used as a supply buffer at the facility itself. For dry biomass, protection from the elements is often required to maintain acceptable moisture levels and to minimize storage losses. In addition, fire protection is an important consideration when storing large quantities of biomass at one site. 

Biological treatment is not recommended for wastewaters with BODj ranging from 50 to 100 mg 1 because insufficient quantity of biomass is formed from the organic substances present. However, these wastewaters can be treated when mixed with wastewaters from urban units. 

The accumulation and retention of biomass lends itself readily to the employment of continuous single pass reactors such as plug-flow or fluidized-bed reactors. When high quantities of biomass are retained, greater total quantities of nutrients may be delivered and greater quantities of waste products may be removed per unit time. Any mechanism that can be offered to retain the cells in high concentrations, deliver the nutrients rapidly, and remove waste products should offer a highly efficient reactor. 

A biosignature is a chemical signature that can be observed from a distance that signals the presence of living organisms. These could include complex chemical structures associated with life forms or accumulated quantities of biomass or waste. 

The rates of the biochemical transformations that take place in a bioreactor are proportional to the quantity of biomass present. If we presume that species S is the substrate whose concentration in the growth medium limits the extent of reaction, the rate of consumption of this species per unit quantity of biomass can usually be expressed as... 

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