Palynological evidence

Ordovician paleosols, and palynological evidence indicates no more than a cover of liverwort-like plants to feed such soil respiration (Strother et ah, 1996 Strother, 2000). Primary carbon fixation by these thin thalli with short root hairs could not have created a quantity of biomass or humus comparable to that of modern grasslands. 

Hillaire-Marcel, C., Aucour, A.-M., Bonnefille, R., Riollet, G., Vincens, A., and Williamson, D. (1989). C/palynological evidence of differential residence times of organic carbon prior to its sedimentation in East African rift lakes and peat bogs. Q. Sci. Rev. 8,207-212. 

Rull, V., Biogeographical and evolutionary considerations of Mauritia (Arecaceae), based on palynological evidence. Rev. Paleobot. PalynoL, 100, 109, 1998. 

Martin, H.A. 1991. Tertiary stratigraphic palynology and palaeoclimate of the inland river systems in New South Wales. In Williams, M.A.I., De Dekker, P., Hershaw, A.P. (eds.). The Cainozoic in Australlia A reappraisal of the evidence. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication, 18, 181-194. 

Graham, A. (1997). Forensic palynology and the Ruidoso, New Mexico plane crash— The pollen evidence 2. /. Forensic Sci. 42, 391-393. 

Hayden WJ, Gillis WT, Stone DE, Broome CR, Webster GL (1984) Systematics and Palynology of Picrodendrom Further Evidence for Relationship with the Oldfieldiodeae (Euphorbiaceae). J Am Arbor 65 105... 

On the basis of these findings, therefore, it can be deduced that the critical threshold of mortality in a station comprising two hives is 300-350 dead bees per week. However, in some cases it may also be useful to analyze bee specimens that do not reach the critical threshold of mortality as they can provide evidence of active principles harmless for bees but dangerous for the environment. In addition, whenever the number of dead bees collected from the two hives in a station differs significantly, it is advisable to perform a separate palynological and chemical analysis on the two samples so that the crops treated may be more precisely identified. 

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