Quantitative analysis, nuclear

Instmmental methods of analysis provide information about the specific composition and purity of the amines. QuaUtative information about the identity of the product (functional groups present) and quantitative analysis (amount of various components such as nitrile, amide, acid, and deterruination of unsaturation) can be obtained by infrared analysis. Gas chromatography (gc), with a Hquid phase of either Apiezon grease or Carbowax, and high performance Hquid chromatography (hplc), using siHca columns and solvent systems such as isooctane, methyl tert-huty ether, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol, are used for quantitative analysis of fatty amine mixtures. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr), both proton ( H) and carbon-13 ( C), which can be used for quaHtative and quantitative analysis, is an important method used to analyze fatty amines (8,81). 

The concrete block walls of the cell housing the generator tube and associated components are 1.7 meters thick. The facility also includes a Kaman Nuclear dual-axis rotator assembly for simultaneous transfer and irradiation of reference and unknown sample, and a dual Na iodide (Nal) scintillation detector system designed for simultaneous counting of activated samples. Automatic transfer of samples between load station to the rotator assembly in front of the target, and back to the count station, is accomplished pneumatically by means of two 1.2cm (i.d.) polyethylene tubes which loop down at both ends of the system and pass underneath the concrete shielding thru a pipe duct. Total one-way traverse distance for the samples is approx 9 meters. In performing quantitative analysis for a particular element by neutron activation, the usual approach is to compare the count rates of an unknown sample with that of a reference standard of known compn irradiated under identical conditions... 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry has seldom been used as a quantitative analytical method but can have some practical importance in the characterization of surfactants [296-298]. 13C-NMR spectrometry has been used for the qualitative and also quantitative analysis of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and cetyl sulfates [299]. H- and, 3C-NMR spectra of sodium dodecyl sulfate are given by Mazumdar [300]. 

Atomic spectra, which historically contributed extensively to the development of the theory of the structure of the atom and led 10 the discovery of the electron and nuclear spin, provide a method of measuring ionization potentials, a method for rapid and sensitive qualitative and quantitative analysis, and data for the determination of the dissociation energy of a diatomic molecule. Information about the type of coupling of electron spin and orbital momenta in the atom can be obtained with an applied magnetic field. Atomic spectra may be used to obtain information about certain regions of interstellar space from the microwave frequency emission by hydrogen and to examine discharges in thermonuclear reactions. 

In this field, the resolution of DMR is promising. However, experiments on deuterated molecules have just begun, and the nuclear relaxation was not yet analyzed. We can just present here some preliminary ideas that were obtained from proton relaxation experiments (19). Because of the nature of dipolar interaction, we are dealing with a multispin system this entails some complex problems of nuclear spin dynamics which are beyond the scope of this discussion. The quantitative analysis of proton relaxation data is thus far from straight-forward (20). We shall limit ourselves to a qualitative interpretation of the frequency dependence of the relaxation rate that is summarized schematically in Figure 4. Important relaxation effects appear in both high and low frequency regions. 

Berthon, L., Journet, S., Lalia, V., Morel, J.M., Zorz, N., Berthon, C., Amekraz, B. 2004. Use of chromatographic techniques to study a degraded solvent for minor actinides partitioning qualitative and quantitative analysis. Proceeding of Atalante 2004, Advances for Future Nuclear Fuel Cycles, Nimes, France, June 21-25, 2-8. 

Resonances are common and unique features of elastic and inelastic collisions, photodissociation, unimolecular decay, autoionization problems, and related topics. Their general behavior and formal description are rather universal and identical for nuclear, electronic, atomic, or molecular scattering. Truhlar (1984) contains many examples of resonances in various fields of atomic and molecular physics. Resonances are particularly interesting if more than one degree of freedom is involved they reflect the quasi-bound states of the Hamiltonian and reveal a great deal of information about the multi-dimensional PES, the internal energy transfer, and the decay mechanism. A quantitative analysis based on time-dependent perturbation theory follows in the next section. 

When the deoxynucleotide is associated with a fluorochrome, the cells can be observed under a fluorescence microscope, whereby apoptotic cells present an intense fluorescence and, in advanced stages, nuclear fragmentation can be visualized. For a quantitative analysis, either a hemocytometer in an optical microscope or a flow cytometer can be used (Tinto et al., 2002). Peroxidase-marked deoxynucleotides can be quantified by chromo-genic tests that use the enzyme substrate. Indirect methods use antigens linked to the nucleotide and recognized by labeled antibodies. However,... 

Nishioka, Watanabe, Abe, and Sono (48) carried out an extensive study of the Grignard reagent catalyzed polymerization of methyl methacrylate in toluene with respect to tactidty of the resulting polymers. The tactidty of the polymer was determined quantitatively by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. It was found that the stereo-regularity depended on the nature of the R group of the Grignard... 

Gerstein BC, Dybowski CR (1985) Transient techniques in NMR of solids an introduction to theory and practice Academic Press, Orlando, 295 pp Hatcher PG (1987) Chemical structural studies of natural lignin by dipolar dephased solid-state nC nuclear magnetic resonance Org Geochem 11 31-39 Hatfield GR, Maciel GE, Erbatur O, Erbatur G (1987) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid lignin samples by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry Anal Chem 59 172-179... 

Figure 7. pa-GFP dynamics by parallel 2P-epifluorescence microscopy (64 foci, 920 nm, 240 mW) in a tobacco BY-2 protoplast. Quantitative analysis of the decrease of nuclear pa-GFP 2P-epifluorescence, giving a diffusion time constant of 123 s. 

Figure 8. Quantitative analysis of the post-activation decrease of pa-GFP-LCLl in the nucleus by 2P-epifluorescence with a bi-exponential fit (red line). A time constant of 20 s was calculated for the nuclear fluorescence decrease of pa-GFP-LCLl due to active transport.

Another excellent method of quantitative analysis makes use of tagging with radioactive or stable isotopes [29,30]. Detection is by radiation, mass spectroscopy [31], or nuclear magnetic resonance [32], Unfortunately, experiments involving radioactivity require elaborate precautions and special laboratory rooms to avoid contamination and meet legal requirements, and mass-spectroscopic and NMR equipment is expensive and may not be available. 

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