Quadrupole Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometers

The trapping dimensions in QITs and LITs are essentially simple harmonic oscillators, at least near the center of the traps. Because of this, in addition to trapping fields, ions have their own resonant frequencies inside the trap which can be used to excite them resonantly to high excursion trajectories. At high trajectories, their vibrational activation will cause them to fragment, allowing MS/ MS experiments to be conducted. Resonant excitation is also used to selectively 

The Paul trap, popularly known as a quadrupole ion trap (QIT), was introduced in 1958 by Paul and colleagues [33]. This contribution was recognized by the award of the 1989 Nobel Prize for Physics to Wolfgang Paul. Because it is a three-dimensional analog of a quadrupole mass filter, it is also called a three-dimensional ion trap to distinguish it from the two-dimensional ion trap described in Section 3.7. The QIT became popular as a mass spectrometer after development of the mass-selective instability mode of mass analysis by Stafford and co-workers [34]. For further reading, several review articles [35-41] and books are cited at the end of the chapter. 

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Brodbelt J, Liou C-C and Donovan T 1991 Selective adduct formation by dimethyl ether chemical ionization is a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and a conventional ion source Ana/. Chem. 63 1205-9... 

Moyor, S. C. Marzilli, L. A. Woods, A. S. Laiko, V. V. Doroshenko, V. M. Cotter, R. J. Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP MALDI) on a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Int. I. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 226,133-150. 

March RE (1998) Quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. In Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1-25... 

Figure 2.16. A cross-section schematic of a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (a), with a three-dimensional perspective view of the quadrupole ion trap (b). Reprinted from A. Westman-Brinkmalm and G. Brinkmalm (2002). In Mass Spectrometry and Hyphenated Techniques in Neuropeptide Research, J. Silberring and R. Ekman (eds.) New York John Wiley Sons, 47-105. With permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Figure 6.11. Product ion spectrum used in Example 1. The spectrum was obtained on the quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer with ESI source and low energy fragmentation. Precursor mass is 574.3 Da.

Quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers may trap ions for longer times and allow reactions up to 10 s. 

Jonscher K.R. and Yates J.R. (1997), The quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer — a small solution to a big challenge, Anal. Biochem. 244, 1-15. 

Yoshinari, K. Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of the Behavior of Ions Injected into a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2000,14, 215-223. 

Greaser, C.S. Stygall, J.W. A Comparison of Overtone and Fundamental Resonances for Mass Range Extension by Resonance Ejection in a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 1999,190/191, 145-151. 

Tajima, S. Siang, L.F. Fuji-Shige, M. Nakajima, S. Sekiguchi, O. Collision-Induced Dissociation Spectra Versus Collision Energy Using a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. II. Loss of CO From Ionized o-, m- and p-Anisoyl Fluoride, CH3OC6H4COF J. Mass Spectrom. 2000,35, 1144-1146. 

McClellan, J. F. Murphy, J. R, III Mulholland, J. J. Yost, R. A. Fffects of Fragile Ions on Mass Resolution and on Isolation for Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 402-412. 

Dale, J. M M. Yang, W. B. Whitten, and J. M. Ramsey, Chemical Characterization of Single Particles by Laser Ablation/Desorp-tion in a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 66, 3431-3435 (1994). 

Griffey, R. H., Greig, M. J., Gaus, H. J., Liu, K., Monteith, D., Winniman, M., and Cummins, L. L. (1997). Characterization of oligonucleotide metabolism in vivo via liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. J. Mass Spectrom. 32, 305-313. 

Linear trap with slots cut in two opposite rods. Sizes are 12 mm for sections A and C and 37 mm for B. Detectors D are placed off-line and ions are attracted by the conversion dynodes. The slots are 30 x 0.25 mm. Drawn according to the data from Schwartz J.C., Senko M.W. and Syka J.E.P., A Two-Dimensional Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer , Proceedings of the 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Orlando, Florida, 2002. 

Schwartz, J.C., Senko, M.W. and Syka, J.E.P. (2002) A two-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Proceedings of the 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Orlando, Florida, June. 

Sheeley, D.M. and Reinhold, V.N. (1998) Structural characterization of carbohydrate sequence, linkage, and branching in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer neutral oligosaccharides and N-linked glycans. Anal. Chem., 70 (14), 3053-9. 

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