2-pyrrolidone quantity

In recent years researchers at West Virginia University have developed coal-derived pitches on a laboratory scale in quantities sufficient to make 1 kg samples of calcined coke for fashioning graphite test specimens. The pitches were derived by utilizing solvent extraction with N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). This solvent is able to isolate coal-based pitches m high yield and with low mineral matter content [13]. It is this work that will form the basis of the discussion for the later part of this chapter. 

The disposition of A-[ 4C]vinyl-2-pyrrolidone has been studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single intravenous injection. The plasma half-life was 1.9 h. Up to 6 h after dosing, the highest tissue concentrations of radioactivity were found in the liver and small intestines. By that time, about 19% of the dose had been excreted in bile, yet, by 12 h, only about 0.4% had been excreted in faeces while about 75% had been excreted in urine. Thus, there appeared to be substantial enterohepatic recirculation of biliary metabolites. Very small quantities of the administered material were excreted unchanged. In a single rat, 12% of the urinary radioactivity was present as acetic acid. Other metabolites were not identified (McClanahan et al., 1984). 

Italian rye grass that has been stored at —20° (17). However, it seems to be absent in extracts of fresh grass but appears after drying and in silage (17, 47). It is of interest that while fresh tomato juice does not contain appreciate quantities of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, this compound represents about 30% of the total organic acid in stored tomato juices (48). These and other reports which have appeared in the literature... 

Observe normal precautions appropriate to the circumstances and quantity of material handled. Some pyrrolidones in their pure state are considered toxic, corrosive, and flammable contact with skin and eyes should be avoided. Vapors or sprays should not be inhaled. Suitable eye and skin protection and a respirator are recommended. When heated to decomposition, 2-pyrrolidone emits toxic fumes of NO . ... 

Allyl alcohol can be made by the isomerization of propylene oxide. ARCO Chemical has obtained an exclusive worldwide license from Kuraray in Osaka, Japan for their hydroformulation technology to produce 1,4-butanediol from allyl alcohol. In 1990, ARCO commissioned both the alcohol and the 1,4-butanediol process at their Channelview, Texas propylene oxide plant [91. 1,4-Butanediol is a versatile chemical intermediate that can be used to produce tetrahydrofuran, polybutylene teraphthalate resins, polyurethanes, and pyrrolidone. At this time only a relatively small quantity of propylene oxide is used for this purpose. However, it is growing... 

Recently, Vidaurri [120] reported a batch process for increasing the production capacity of the poly(phenylene sulfide) wherein incremental quantities of the aryl dihalide are added to an alkali metal sulfide in the presence of a polar organic compound (A/ -methyl-2-pyrrolidone). These conditions allow the reaction to be carried out with good control of the temperature and without excessive build-up of pressure in a closed reactor system. Vidaurri prefers the use of sodium sulfide monohydrate [120]. 

NMMO is manufactured by Degussa, BASF AG, Texaco U.K., and a number of other companies that supply the solvent in small quantities. NMMO is an excellent solvent for other polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl acetate), silk fibroin, wool, aliphatic polyamides, polyacrylonitrile, starch, cellulose diacatate, and many other cellulose derivatives [3],... 

Poly(p-phenyIene terephthalamide) (I) is prepared for instance by the reaction of stoichiometric quantities of terephthaloyl chloride and p-phenylene diamine in a mixture of hexamethyl phosphoramide and N-methyl pyrrolidone, the temperature being maintained between about -10 Cand30°C. 

The details are described as follows exemplified for LSCF perovskite hollow fibers. To start with, a calculated quantity of PESf and pyrrolidone (PVP) additive is dissolved in A-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to form a polymer solution. A given amount of LSCF powder dried in advance is then added gradually under stirring. The stirring is usually carried out continuously for at least 48 h for complete dispersion of the powder in the polymer solution. 

The linear polymer can be prepared either from a difunctional N-cyanourea monomer or directly from the mixture of a diisocyanate and cyanamide having a 1 to 2 mole feed ratio in a solvent such as N-methyl pyrrolidone at room temperature. The viscosity of the polymerization mixture increased with time and finally turned to gel upon stirring at room temperature. A high molecular weight polymer was obtained by adding the highly viscosity polymer solution to a large quantity of acetone after 72 hours of polymerization. For example, a fluffy white polymer was obtained from the polymerization of di(p-isocyanato-phenyl) methane and cyanamide at room temperature. 

The main alkaloid of different cultivars of commercial tobacco species Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica, Solanaceae) is nicotine, (S)-l-methyl-2-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrrolidone or (S)-3-(l-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine, 10-7. Nicotine is also present in small quantities in other plants (about 24 species of 12 plant families), but especially in plants of the nightshade family, which also includes potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants (aubergines). Biosynthesis of nicotine takes place in the roots of plants, from where nicotine is transported to the aerial parts, especially to the leaves. 

The combining NMR techniques in the solid state permit the evaluation of the polymeric systems homogeneity. In polycarbonate-polyvinyl pyrrolidone blends, the response of proton spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame was the determinant to obtain information on the transition when the quantity of polyvinyl pyrrolidone is close to 40 wt% and a better organisation of amorphous phase was detected. 13 refs. 

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