Pyrolysis test

Curve 1 n-Hexacontane Curve 4 Asphaltenes from Vacuum Residue Curve 2 n-Hexylpyrene Curve 5 Dispersion Medium from Vacuum Residue Curve 3 Vacuum Residue 

Half Life Time f[ 2 versus Pressure P Parameter Temperature Curve 1 n-Hexacontane Curve 2 n-Hexylpyrene 

Half Life Time fjyj versus Pressure P Parameter Temperature Curve 3 Vacuum Residue Curve 4 Asphaltenes Curve 5 Dispersion Medium 

It may be seen from Fig. 4-163 and 4-164 that the pyrolysis behavior of the vacuum residue is governed fundamentally by its oil component (dispersion medium). The steadiness of the functions E = f(F) and log A = f(P) permits extrapolation towards higher pressures. These plots show that neither n-hexacontane nor n-hexylpyrene are suitable as model substances for simulation of the pressure dependence of the pyrolysis behavior of heavy components of petroleum. 

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Establishing mass balances after pyrolysis tests is also important for economic reasons. Economic figures are related directly with the operating margins, being the difference between the value of the products and the cost of raw materials. 

Tests have been made feeding smalt pine wood chips at the bottom of a fluidised bed. Fluidising agents have been Ni (pyrolysis tests) and air with an equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.24 (gasification tests). Gasification tests were of two types ... 

A sample of 80 g was introduced into the batch retort. All the pyrolysis tests were performed at a temperature of 500°C, a total pressure of about 8 kPa and a heating rate of 12°C/min. The holding time of the solid residue after con Ietion of the test was one hour. Vapours formed in the reactor were removed and condensed in three traps connected in scries and maintained at -30°C, -78 C and -78 C, respectively. The non condensable gas was removed by the vacuum pump and stored in a vessel previously depressurized. A detailed description of the apparatus is available elsewhere [11]... 

Pyrolysis tests have been made on polyethylene and polystyrene with steam as the fluidizing agent. Polyethylene yielded a gas and a wax. Their relative amounts could be adjusted by varying the operating temperatune[ lj. ... 

To examine the pyrolysis reaction of the scrap tires, pulverized scrap tires were heated in a quartz tube by an electric furnace (h). Then the continuous pyrolysis test plants in Table I were constructed to get the engineering data required for the design of an actual plant,... 

During the last years, a number of products consisting of a mixture of different plastics have made their appearance they are usually called polymer blends or polymer alloys. Their identification using simple methods presents considerable difficulties because flame tests and pyrolysis tests are usually not unambiguous. Also a separation into different groups according to the pH-value of the pyrolysates does not permit a definite conclusion. In some cases, however, it is possible to separate polymer mixtures into their components if these have different solubility characteristics and then to identify the components (see Section 6.3). 

In addition to pyrolysis, flame tests yield useful information, since the behavior in the flame shows characteristic differences depending on the nature of the plastic. Pyrolysis tests and flame tests are therefore among the most important screening tests in the analysis of a plastic. They often permit direct conclusions so that one can then begin with specific tests. 

The pyrolysis test involves heating a sample of plastic contained in a glass test tube (Braun, 1996). This test mainly provides information about the type of residue formed, if any, but all the measurements made during the bum test... 

Pyrolysis test. Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers can be differentiated by this test. 

ISO 6964 1986 Polyolefin pipes and fittings - Determination of carbon black content by calcination and pyrolysis - Test method and basic specification. 

These observations provide strong evidence of the reliability of Kellogg s pyrolysis test facilities to provide data that can be used directly for plant design. As a result, it is now possible to determine rapidly, and in advance, the economic differences between candidate feedstocks using the bench scale unit and to set the basis for the commercial plant design within the framework of the desired product slate flexibility utilizing the pilot plant unit. 

Hamdani-Devarennes, S., Pommier, A., Longuet, C., Lopez-Cuesta, J-M., Ganachaud, F. (2011). Calcium and aluminum-based fillers as flame-retardant additives in silicone matrices. II. Analyzes on composite residues from an industrial-based pyrolysis test, Polym Degr Stabil, 96, 1562-1572. 

Thermal resistance is often tested under pyrolytic conditions. Here, sufficient energy is added to cleave primary bonds in the polymers. Most decomposition phenomena under these conditions are influenced by the basic plastics structure and not by traces of impurities, although the order of decomposition rates and activation energies is influenced by the chromophores present. The pyrolysis test results for polymers are summarized in Table 5.38 [31]. 

Based on pyrolysis tests, the following order of bond stability can be established C-F>C-H>C-C>C-C1... 

Lanthanum nitrate test forAcem/c In the pyrolysis test, insert into the mouth of the tube a cotton plug moistened with water. Remove the. cotton plug after 4—5 minutes, wash it with 1-2 ml distilled water, collect tlie washings in a test tube and add... 

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