Pyridazines halogenation

Direct chlorination of 3,6-dichloropyridazine with phosphorus pentachloride affords 3,4,5,6-tetrachloropyridazine. The halogen is usually introduced next to the activating oxo group. Thus, 1,3-disubstituted pyridazin-6(l//)-ones give the corresponding 5-chloro derivatives, frequently accompanied by 4,5-dichloro compounds as by-products on treatment with chlorine, phosphorus pentachloride or phosphoryl chloride-phosphorus pentachloride. 

Disubstituted pyridazine-3,6(l//,2//)-diones add halogens to the 4,5-double bond, followed by dehydrohalogenation to give 4-halo derivatives. 1,2-Disubstituted 5-bromopyridazine-3,6(l//,2F0 diones react with bromine to give the corresponding 4,5-dibromo derivative. The Mannich reaction with 2-arylpyridazin-3(2//)-one occurs at position 4. 

The reactivity of halogens in pyridazine N- oxides towards nucleophilic substitution is in the order 5 > 3 > 6 > 4. This is supported by kinetic studies of the reaction between the corresponding chloropyridazine 1-oxides and piperidine. In general, the chlorine atoms in pyridazine A-oxides undergo replacement with alkoxy, aryloxy, piperidino, hydrazino, azido, hydroxylamino, mercapto, alkylmercapto, methylsulfonyl and other groups. 

Amino groups in pyridazine A-oxides can be diazotized and the diazonium group further replaced by halogens, hydroxy group or hydrogen. So, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-bromopyridazine 1-oxides can be prepared from the corresponding amino A-oxides. 

Halogenated pyridazines are generally inert as arylating agents in Friedel-Crafts reactions. The only example is the reaction of 3,6-dichloropyridazine with resorcinol and hydroquinone to give 3-aryl-6-chloropyridazines. 

Reduction of nitroaminopyridazines yields the corresponding aminopyridazines. Reductive cleavage of hydrazinopyridazines to give amino compounds is of practical significance in cases when halogen atoms are resistant to ammonolysis. Many substituted 3,4-diamino-, 4,5-diamino- and 3,5-diamino-pyridazines can be prepared in this way. 

The most useful syntheses of pyridazines and their alkyl and other derivatives begins with the reaction between maleic anhydride and hydrazine to give maleic hydrazide. This is further transformed into 3,6-dichloropyridazine which is amenable to nucleophilic substitution of one or both halogen atoms alternatively, the halogen(s) can be replaced by hydrogen as shown in Scheme 110. In this manner a great number of pyridazine derivatives are prepared. 

A derivative of an isomeric azapurine ring system interestingly exhibits bronchodilator activity, possibly indicating interaction with a target for theophylline. The starting pyridazine 97 is available from dichloro compound 96 by sequential replacement of the halogens. Treatment of 97 with formic acid supplies the missing carbon and cyclizes the intermediate formamide with consequent formation of zindotrine (98) [16]. 

A mixture of 12.6 g of benzoyl chloride in 100 cc of ethylene chloride is added dropwise to a suspension of 25.6 g of 3ethylene chloride and 21.8 g of triethylamine within 18 minutes at room temperature while stirring. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 14 hours, 200 cc of water are added, the organic phase is separated and concentrated to an oil in a vacuum. Upon adding ether/dimethoxy ethane to this oil, crude 6-ben zoy I-3absolute ethanol with the addition of a small amount of coal, the compound has a melting point of 125°C to 127°C (decomp.). Displacement of the halogen with hydrazine leads to the formation of endralazine. 

Studies of chlorination and bromination of 2//-cyclopenta[reactivity differences dependent on substituents and halogenation conditions. In monochlorination the unsubstituted compound was more reactive than its 2-methyl and 2-phenyl derivatives, the reactivity ratio being 7.1 1.7 1 [78H(11)155]. Chlorination occurred most readily in the 5- and 7-positions of the cyclopentadienyl moiety, but once all three positions had been substituted, NCS attacked the methyl group... 

The halogen in 5-bromofuran-2-carboxaldehyde is readily displaced by aromatic thiols, and the aromatic residue can be provided by pyridazine, benzeneselenazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, etc. as well as benzene.181... 

In addition, there are several Japanese patents on antibacterial pyridazine derivatives as represented by formulae (110, X = halogen R = substituted amino, AlkS) [320, 321], (111, R1 = substituted Ph R2 = alkyl, alkenyl, morpholinosulphonyl) [322] and (112, R1 = aryl, aminosubstituted heterocycle R2 = H, halogen, alkyl R3 = COOH R4 = aryl, aralkyl, etc.) [323]. 

In West Germany pyridazinium compounds as represented by formula (120, R1 = halogen, alkyl, aryl R2 = H, alkyl R3 = substituted amino R4 = substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl) have been claimed as antibacterial agents [338]. In Australia, mercapto derivatives of several nitrogen heteroaromatics including pyridazine-derived compounds (121, R = CONH2, CH2NMe2) have been prepared in a search of amplifiers of phleomycin [339] however, only low activity has been observed in this series. 

Substitution of the halogen in 387 and 388 by nucleophiles has also been reported (81M245 83AP697), as has the cyclization of 389 into 390 (83G219). Ethyl l,5-diaryl-3-trifluoromethyl-4-oxopyrazolo[3,4-c/] pyridazin-7-ylacetate afforded bicyclic 5(5-oxopyrazol-3-yl)pyrazolines upon treatment with ethanolic sodium ethoxide (88JHC134). 

The protons of pyrimidines, pyrazines and pyridazines are relatively acidic even without halogen activation, and the three simple heterocycles 240-242 have been lithiated (with varying success) with LiTMP (Scheme 120). ... 

Nucleophilic substitution with heteroaryl halides is a particularly useful and important reaction. Due to higher reactivity of heteroaryl halides (e.g. 35, equation 24) in nucleophilic substitution these reactions are widely employed for synthesis of Al-heteroaryl hydroxylamines such as 36. Nucleophilic substitution of halogen or sulfonate functions has been performed at positions 2 and 4 of pyridine , quinoline, pyrimidine , pyridazine, pyrazine, purine and 1,3,5-triazine systems. In highly activated positions nucleophilic substitutions of other than halogen functional groups such as amino or methoxy are also common. 

Nitro derivatives of several halogenated pyridazin-3(2//)-ones have been prepared by treating the pyridazinones with a mixture of a nitrate salt and acetic anhydride or trifluoroacetic anhydride <2003JOC9113>. These compounds have been used for the synthesis of nitramines (see Section 8.01.8.3). 

There are also other examples where a halogen atom in the 4- or 5-position of the nucleus is involved in a Suzuki reaction <2002SL223, 2003SL1482>. The ort o-brominated pyridazinamines 4-bromo-6-phenylpyridazin-3-amine 177 and A -benzyl-4-bromo-6-phenylpyridazin-3-amine 178 are especially interesting since, as observed for 6-halo-pyridazin-3-amines, no protection of the primary or secondary amino group is required (Equation 33) <2003SL1482>. 

In CHEC(1984) and CHEG-II(1996) the most important ways to prepare the commercially available parent compounds pyridazine, phthalazine, and cinnoline were described <1984CHEC(2)1, 1996CHEC-II(6)1>. Also functionalized derivatives that are useful in synthetic programs were nicely covered. The most important type of substrates for this purpose are the easily accessible, halogenated (commonly chlorinated) derivatives exemplified by 3,6-dichloropyrid-azine, 3,4,5- and 3,4,6-trichloropyridazine, 2-substituted 4,5-dichloropyridazin-3(2//)-ones, 1,4-dichlorophthalazine, and... 

The structure of the pyridazine-based antidepressant agent minaprine (34-6) departs markedly from both the older tricyclic drugs and the more recent selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. There is evidence that the compound acts via a dopa-mimetic route. Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with itaconic anhydride (34-1) leads to the keto-acid (34-2). Condensation with hydrazine leads to the formation of the hydrazine and hydrazide bonds the double bond shifts into the ring to give the fully unsaturated pyridazinone (34-3) this is then converted to the chloride (34-4) in the usual way. The displacement of halogen by the amine on 3-(A -morpho-lino)propylamine (34-5) affords (34-6) [36]. 

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