Pyrene benzo phenanthrene

Hegeman, W.J.M., van der Weijden, C.H., Loch, J.P.G. (1995) Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene on suspended harbor sediment as a function of suspended sediment concentration and salinity A laboratory study using the cosolvent partition coefficient. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 363-371. 

Finally, three additional individual data matrices were obtained for soil (so1 so2, and so3), in this case with the same number of samples (rows) for each of them. A new soil data matrix (SO) was obtained after individual matrix concatenation containing 36 samples in total (12 samples analyzed in 3 sampling campaigns) (see Fig. 7). Fifteen variables (all of them detected in SE as well) were measured in every sample PAHs (acenaphtylene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene), an organophosphate compound (tributylphosphate), and an OC (4,4 -DDE). 

Penry, D.L. and D.P. Weston. 1998. Digestive determinants of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene bioaccumulation by a deposit-feeding polychaete. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2254-2265. 

Higher-molecular-weight PAHs, such as pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo(e)-pyrene, exhibit a high resistance to biodegradation. PAHs with three or more condensed rings tend not to act as a sole substrate for microbial growth and require cometabolic transformations. Neilson and Allard (1998) report a cometabolic reaction of pyrene, 1,2-benzanthracene, 3,4-benzopyrene, and phenanthrene in the presence of either naphthalene or phenanthrene. However, the cometabolic reactions are very slow in natural ecosystems. 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control. QA/QC measures included field blanks, solvent blanks, method blanks, matrix spikes, and surrogates. Percent recovery was determined using three surrogate compounds (nitrobenzene-d5, 2-fluorobiphenyl, d-terphenyl-diQ and matrix spikes (naphthalene, pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene) the recoveries ranged from 80 to 102%. Separate calibration models were built for each of the 16 PAHs using internal standards (naphthalene-dg, phenanthrene-dio, perylene-di2). Validation was performed using a contaminated river sediment (SRM 1944) obtained from NIST (Gaithersburg, MD) accuracy was <20% for each of the 16 analytes. 

The photochemical reactivity of anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benz[a]anthracene is examined. Each aromatic hydrocarbon was adsorbed onto the surface of each of a variety of coal stack ashes. 

In practice, we have utilized it for the analysis of molecular systems comprised of 3 to 5 fused benzene rings. Our discussion in this document is limited to the following compounds phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. The structures for these compounds are presented in Table I. It is important to note that the method has also been adapted to the determination of several other PAH compounds (e.g., benzo(c)phenanthrene, perylene, 3-methylcholanthrene, carbazole, 7H-dibenzo(c,g)carbazole, and indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene). 

Bernstein et al. have used IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to study the products formed from photochemical transformation of naphthalene, anthracene, chrysene, phenanthrene, pyrene, tetracene, pentacene, perylene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, and coronene in water ices using ultraviolet radiation under astrophysical conditions [27]. The results of their investigation have revealed that peripheral carbon atoms can be oxidized to produce aromatic alcohols, ketones, ethers (when bay region is present,... 

A number of K-region arene oxides have been detected as intermediates in the metabolism of the corresponding PAHs in liver systems for example, phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, pyrene, benzo [a]pyrene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. These K-region arene-oxide metabolites were generally only detected by trapping the radiolabeled intermediate. The arene-oxide metabolite 102 obtained from a-naphthoflavone was found to be sufficiently stable with respect to isomerization and resistant to attack by epoxide hydrolase so that it could be isolated and identified spectroscopically. ... 

Pyka separated 16 PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo [a] anthracene, chrysene, benzo[/>]fluoranthene, benzo[fe]fluoranthene, benzo[a]py-rene, dibenzo[a,/z]anthracene, benzo[g,/i,i]perylene, and indeno[l,2,3-C(i]pyrene) according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by gradient HPLC on a LiChrospher PAH column using acetonitrile and water as mobile phases. Retention times fr (sec) of investigated PAHs were correlated with topological indices based on the adjacency matrix (M, 012) and the... 

RM07 PAHs (fortified levels - spiking solution) anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, Indeno(l, 2,3-cd)pyrene, naphthalene RM09 standard solution for PAHs in acetonitrile... 

Fifty-four PAHs have been identified at one or more NPL hazardous waste sites. These 54 are acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, 2-acetoaminofluorene, anthracene, 9,10-anthracenedione, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluorene, benzofluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene. benzo[g,h,i]fluoranthene, benzoperylene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzothiophene, benzo[b]thiophene, chrysene, 4H-cyclopenta[d,e,f]phenanthrene, dibenz[a,j]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene,... 

The ability of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, and dibenz[a]anthracene to... 

PAHs have been detected in surface waters of the United States. In an assessment of STORET data covering the period 1980-82, Staples et al. (1985) reported median concentrations in ambient water of >10 ug/L for 15 PAHs (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene). The number of samples ranged from 630 (naphthalene) to 926 (fluoranthene) the percentage of samples in which these PAHs were detected ranged from 1.0 (benzo[g,h,i]perylene) to 5.0 (phenanthrene) and 7.0 (naphthalene). 

PAHs have generally not been detected in surveys of human tissue, presumably because the compounds are fairly rapidly metabolized. Phenanthrene was the only PAH detected in the 1982 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey it was found in trace concentrations in 13% of the samples (EPA 1986). Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and chrysene were not found at levels below the detection limit (0.010 pg/g 10 ppt). However, autopsies performed on cancer-free corpses found PAH levels of 11-2,700 ppt (ng/g) in fat samples (Obana et al. 1981). Several PAHs were detected, including anthracene, pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene, with pyrene being detected in the highest concentrations. A similar study done on livers from autopsied cancer-free corpses found levels of 6-500 ppt (ng/g) of all of the same PAHs except benzo[e]pyrene, which was not detected (Obana et al. 1981). As in the fat sample studies, pyrene appeared in the highest concentrations in the liver, but the overall levels were less than in fat. 

Phenanthrene Dibenzothiophene Pyrene Fluoranthene Benzo (b) fluorene Benzo(a)anthracene Cry sene/T ripheny lene Benzo (e) pyrene Benzo (a) pyrene Indenol (1,2, 3-c, d)pyrene Benzo (g, h, i) perylene Benzo (b, j, k) fluoranthene... 

PAHs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic in mammalian cells [131, 132]. PAHs require metabolic activation that results in diol epoxide formation via reactions that are catalyzed by epoxide hydrolase and the CYP450 family of enzymes [133], Diol epoxides are highly reactive, particularly toward purines in DNA, forming guanine and adenine adducts that exist as as and trans stereoisomers [134]. Transcription past adducts derived from diol epoxides of benzo[o]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene diol expoxide (B[a]PDE)), benzo[c]phenanthrene (benzo[c]phenanthrene diol epoxide (B[c]PhDE)), and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (dibenzo[o,l]pyrene diol epoxide (B[a,l]PDE)) has been studied. 

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