Push marketing

The field of agronomy also covers the many factors in the environment that play a role in whether a crop succeeds or fads. The chemical makeup and water balance within a crop s soil are leading factors. Weather and climate patterns, both within a single season and over many years, affect the quantity and quality of crop yields. Technology and economics influence demand for certain types of crops, which in turn pushes market prices up and down, j ronomists help producers respond to these factors. 

This high projected growth rate is driven by the expected strong growth of the HCFC-22 and fluoropolymer markets, which account for 90% of the total chloroform market. HCFC-22 is a substitute for some apphcations currendy using CFC-11 and CFC-12. It is restricted by the Montreal Protocol but will not be phased out until much later. This demand pushed chloroform production up 10% in both 1988 and 1989 (32). 

Ill 1923, GM set up a special chemical division, the GM Chemical Co., to market the new additive. However, GM became dissatisfied with DuPont s progress at the plant. In order to augment its TEL supply, and to push DuPont into accelerating its pace of production, GM called upon the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (later Esso/Exxon) to set up its own process independently of DuPont. In fact, Jersey Standard had obtained the rights to an ethyl chloride route to TEL. This turned out to be a far cheaper process than the bromide technology. By the niid-1920s, both DuPont and Jersey were producing TEL. 

With the widespread commercialization of molecular modeling software in the 1980s, came both a boon and a bane to the computational chemist and pharmaceutical companies. The boon was that the software vendors sent marketing people to individual companies as well as to scientific meetings. The marketeers would extol the virtues of the programs they were pushing. 

A Historical Description of the Interplay between Technology Push and Market Pull... 

Similarly, the widespread and devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Britain in 2001 may have pushed consumers, farmers and government to a more serious consideration of the humane and ultimately sensible organic option. Under the Soil Association regulations, organic farmers are not allowed to buy or sell in markets. This would have prevented the widespread dispersal of sheep, particularly, throughout the country, which would have made local confinement of the disease much easier. 

Reference pricing was not introduced in Spain until December 2000. The fact that it is applied exclusively to bio-equivalent products leads, in the opinion of the authors, to the assumption that its effect on expenditure is limited, as a major market share is acquired by recently introduced drugs. The level at which the reference price is fixed is an important factor. For non-patented products, price competition should push the price towards the marginal cost, and therefore a reference price that is clearly higher than the cheapest generic could actually become a barrier to price competition in this case. 

The targets were derived from a consideration of design approaches, market requirements, and the "typical" performance of vehicles at that time. They are market driven and not a technology "push " in fact, the targets represent a challenging goal for scientists and... 

GaN as a semi-conducting material for electronics is about to be launched on the market, especially for the use in blue- and UV-emitting LEDs and laser diodes [2]. The material is deposited on crystalline substrates like sapphire using thin-film epitactical techniques. Often, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is used. The necessity for such technologies limits the production rate and pushes up costs. 

As illustrated in fig. 27, products produced in a chemical production network are by default finished products, meaning they can be sold to customers instead of being used as intermediate products in the next production step. This principle leads to additional complexity since production demand for a product is composed of secondary demand caused by the subsequent production step as well as market demand or sales opportunities for this product. On the other hand, this also provides the opportunity to better utilize production assets by pushing excess production quantity to the market if the price is sufficiently attractive. 

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