Purpose common

General industrial and cooling water for makeup purposes commonly contains... 

Patent considerations are complex in combinatorial chemistry. The mass of potential data is hard to compress into a suitable format for this purpose. Commonly, patenting takes place comparatively late in a drug-seeking campaign and so differs little from traditional patenting. One notes however that the comparative speed and ease of molecule construction makes it possible to reduce to practice rather more examples that would have been possible in the one-at-a-time days. 

A mixture of two or more solvents will occasionally be found to possess the best properties for a particular crystallization purpose. Common binary solvent mixtures that have proved useful include alcohols with water, ketones, ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons or benzene homologues, etc. and normal alkanes with chlorinated hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Additive Type Main Component(s) Purpose Common Use of Main Compound... 

Oils and fats are also used for non-food purposes, such as the production of motor fuels, in oleochemistry and cosmetics. For these purposes, common edible oils and fats of lower quality are used. Some oils are obtained specifically for technological purposes, such as castor oil or tung oil. A typical example of the use of oils as fuel for diesel engines is the production of fatty acid methyl esters, especially from rapeseed oil. Oleochemicals from oils and fats manufacturing include fatty acids, fatty alcohols and other derivatives for the production of surfactants and subsequently detergents, paints, plastics, adhesives, building materials and many other products. 

Nitrile rubber and a phenolic resin have been used together in many adhesive applications. Equal parts by weight of a nitrile rubber and a phenolic resin (e.g., Durez 12687) in a suitable solvent (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone) at a total solids level of 20-30% is suitable for many adhesive purposes. Commonly, 30-100 phr of phenolic resin is employed. Some indication of the bond strength developed by such adhesives is shown in Table 15. ... 

Fig. 0X3 As an illustration of decomposition, the figure illustrates the progress from irreducible element to the complete element that represents all aspects of the stakeholder requirements. As an illustration of condensation, the figure illustrates how the irreducible element represents the purpose common to all projects. The lighter coloured slices show the progression of the real elements making up the included set of the complete element, the slices of the darker coloured triangle show the progression of the imaginary elements making up the included set of a particular aspect.

Formaldehyde is employed as a disinfectant in both solution and gaseous forms for a wide variety of miscellaneous purposes. Common uses include disinfection of sickrooms by sprinkling with 2 per cent formaldehyde sterilization of surgical instruments by boiling 2 10 minutes w ith 2 to 4 per cent solution, destruction of anthrax bacteria in imported bristles b ... 

Viscosity is measured in poise. If a force of one dyne, acting on one cm, maintains a velocity of 1 cm/s over a distance of 1 cm, then the fluid viscosity is one poise. For practical purposes, the centipoise (cP) is commonly used. The typical range of gas viscosity in the reservoir is 0.01 - 0.05 cP. By comparison, a typical water viscosity is 0.5 -I.OcP. Lower viscosities imply higher velocity for a given pressure drop, meaning that gas in the reservoir moves fast relative to oils and water, and is said to have a high mobility. This is further discussed in Section 7. 

The field unit for permeability is the Darcy (D) or millidarcy (mD). For clastic oil reservoirs, a good permeability would be greater than 0.1 D (100 mD), while a poor permeability would be less than 0.01 D (10 mD). For practical purposes, the millidarcy is commonly used (1 mD = 10" m ). For gas reservoirs 1 mD would be a reasonable permeability because the viscosity of gas is much lower than that of oil, this permeability would yield an acceptable flowrate for the same pressure gradient. Typical fluid velocities in the reservoir are less than one metre per day. 

The purpose of the well completion is to provide a safe conduit for fluid flow from the reservoir to the flowline. The perforations in the casing are typically achieved by running a perforating gun into the well on electrical wireline. The gun is loaded with a charge which, when detonated, fires a high velocity jet through the casing and on into the formation for a distance of around 15-30 cm. In this way communication between the wellbore and the reservoir is established. Wells are commonly perforated after the completion has been installed and pressure tested. 

Metering oi the production for fiscal (taxation), tariffing and re-allocation purposes may take place as the product leaves the production platform, or as it arrives at the delivery point such as the crude oil terminal. If the export pipeline Is used by other fields (including third party users) it would be common to meter the production as it leaves the platform. 

If the original field development plan was not based on a 3-D seismic survey (which would be a commonly used tool for new fields nowadays), then it would now be normal practice to shoot a 3-D survey for development purposes. The survey would help to provide definition of the reservoir structure and continuity (faulting and the extension of reservoir sands), which is used to better locate the development wells. In some cases time-lapse 3-D seismic 4D surveys carried out a number of years apart, see Section 2) is used to track the displacement of fluids in the reservoir. 

We need to point out that, if the wavelengths of laser radiation are less than the size of typical structures on the optical element, the Fresnel model gives a satisfactory approximation for the diffraction of the wave on a flat optical element If we have to work with super-high resolution e-beam generators when the size of a typical structure on the element is less than the wavelengths, in principle, we need to use the Maxwell equations. Now, the calculation of direct problems of diffraction, using the Maxwell equations, are used only in cases when the element has special symmetry (for example circular symmetry). As a rule, the purpose of this calculation in this case is to define the boundary of the Fresnel model approximation. In common cases, the calculation of the diffraction using the Maxwell equation is an extremely complicated problem, even if we use a super computer. 

For many purposes, for example the estimation of approximate heats of formation (p. 63), it is sufficient to have an average value. This average of the bond dissociation energies is called the average thermochemical bond energy or (more commonly) simply the bond energy. ... 

Sodium sulphate crystallises out in hydrated form (common ion effect) and is filtered off on concentration, sodium dichromate is obtained. For analytical purposes, the potassium salt. K2Cr20-. is preferred potassium chloride is added and the less soluble potassium dichromate obtained. 

The calculation of a distance measure for two objects s and t represented by binary desaiptors and jq with m binary values is based on the frequencies of common and different components. For this purpose we define the frequencies a, h, c, and d as follows ... 

Bioinformatics is a relatively new discipline that is concerned with the collection, organisatic and analysis of biological data. It is beyond our scope to provide a comprehensive overvie of this discipline a few textbooks and reviews that serve this purpose are now available (s the suggestions for further reading). However, we will discuss some of the main rnethoc that are particularly useful when trying to predict the three-dimensional structure and fum tion of a protein. To help with this. Appendix 10.1 contains a limited selection of some of tf common abbreviations and acronyms used in bioinformatics and Appendix 10.2 lists sorr of the most widely used databases and other resources. 

Ithough knowledge-based potentials are most popular, it is also possible to use other types potential function. Some of these are more firmly rooted in the fundamental physics of iteratomic interactions whereas others do not necessarily have any physical interpretation all but are able to discriminate the correct fold from decoy structures. These decoy ructures are generated so as to satisfy the basic principles of protein structure such as a ose-packed, hydrophobic core [Park and Levitt 1996]. The fold library is also clearly nportant in threading. For practical purposes the library should obviously not be too irge, but it should be as representative of the different protein folds as possible. To erive a fold database one would typically first use a relatively fast sequence comparison lethod in conjunction with cluster analysis to identify families of homologues, which are ssumed to have the same fold. A sequence identity threshold of about 30% is commonly... 

A common operation in practical organic chemistry is for stirring, refluxing, and addition of a liquid from a dropping funnel to be carri on simultaneously. The most convenient apparatus for this purpose is a three-necked flask, fitted as in Fig. 11, 7, 11, a. If a three-necked flask is not available, the three-way adapter inserted into a bolt-head flask (Fig. 77, 7, 11, 6) may be used. A further simplification, suitable for elementary students, is to employ a two-way adapter as in Fig. 77, 7, 11, c the stirrer passes through a closely-fitting glass sleeve which is extended... 

---