Pumps with stars

Roman candles are repeating guns which shoot projectiles of colored fire and send out showers of glowing sparks between the shots. To the pyrotechnists of the seventeenth century they were known as star pumps or pumps with stars. ... 

The materials are mixed intimately while dampened with water, and the mixture is pumped into stars about % inch in diameter and % inch long. The stars are dried promptly. They function only when falling through the air. If lighted on the ground they merely smolder, but when fired from rockets or shells are most effective. 

When a gas is compressed, it heats up. When it expands, it cools. Anyone who uses a bicycle pump knows this. However, it is no longer true for electron or neutron gases at very high densities. This deviation from the ideal gas laws has a catastrophic effect on stars. Moreover, the behaviour of a photon gas with regard to volume changes differs from that of a typical gas made up of atoms,... 

Cylindrical stars are commonly pumped using hand-operated pumps that are forced into the tray of composition. The pump comprises a line of brass or copper tubes, each fitted with a spring-loaded plunger to eject the compressed composition in the form of a star that is of the same diameter as the tube. 

A red star might be based on potassium perchlorate, strontium carbonate and charcoal together with various binders and solvents to facilitate the pumping of solid stars. The composition for a green star... 

A typical polymerization reactor is shown in Figure 2. The reactor contains a side-ampoule used to isolate a portion of the "living" linear precursor before star-linking by the addition of DVB. The reactor was purified by flaming with a hand torch while continuously pumping until a pressure of 10 was reached. The... 

For the preparation of a small number of stars, a star pump is a convenient instrument. This consists of a brass tube with a plunger which slides within it. The plunger has a handle and, on its side, a peg which works within a slot in the side of the tube— in such manner that it may be fixed in position to leave at the open end of the tube a space equal to the size of the star which it is desired to make. This space is then tightly packed with the damp mixture the plunger is turned so that the peg may move through the longitudinal slot, and the handle is pushed to eject the star. 

Figure 6 Schematic of a complete multiplexed and integrated instrumental design for PCR analysis with eight channels. Different functional capillaries were connected by a T-assembly and a cross-assembly. Stars represent the freeze/thaw valves V1 and V2. A syringe pump and a six-way selection valve were used to load and distribute liquids for various purposes. A CCD camera was used to collect fluorescence from the eight capillaries simultaneously. The temperature control unit at the cross-assembly was used to denature DNA prior to injection. (Reprinted from Ref. 34 with permission.)...

Hub up the mixture thoroughly In a mortar with just enough boiled oil to make it cohere, and pump it into Homan candle stars the oil will preserve the steel from rusting. For Roman candles or Italian streamers they will be ready at any time for rockets and shells they may bo matched and enveloped, like figure 32. a day or two previously. They form beautiful stars. Or they may be charged in cases, and primed with chlorate meal powder. Or they may be damped with lao solution. 

In the STAR process (steam active reforming) feed is heated and mixed with steam before passing to the reactor. This avoids the use of pumping to lower the partial pressure of the reactants. The outline of the process is shown in Figure 10.5. ... 

The yellow dragon is manufactured by pressing the composition into a paper tube. When it is not pressed, it smokes quite quickly and this J.S used for stars of the daylight yellow chrysanthemum(Fig.79) In this case the composition can be used v/ithout consolidation or granulation. The yellov willow composition is formed into pumped stars and is coated with gypsum as it is with the white willow described above. ... 

Star is filled with enough mercury for the diver to float and just touch the tip of the capillary. When the system is being pumped down, both stopcocks are open. As the desired pressure is nearly reached, the upper stopcock is closed, slowing the pumping rate, since now the only connection between the pump and the system is the capillary. Just before this pressure is reached, the side stopcock is closed, setting the pressure in the diver. As the system pressure continues to decrease, the diver moves upward and closes the capillary leak. Similarly, when the pressure of the system increases, the diver moves downward, allowing pumping to resume. 

This tidrieCt covers probably iho moA comprehensive division of the art of fireworks making. Besides the end less variety of colors, efeCts etc. we have the cut ftar, box Aar, pumped Star, candle Star etc. Nearly all Stars are made by dampening the composition with water (if composition contains dextrine) or alcohol (if it contains shellac) and pressing the caked mass into little cubes, cylinders etc, by the various devices to be described. 

A block diagram of the apparatus is shown in Figure 1. The system is constructed to use three sodium chloride anolyte and four sodium hydroxide catholyte concentrations. The starred anolyte compartments refer to separate solutions which have been doped with radiotracer. These solutions are used only for determinations of transport number the nonradioactive brine solutions are used for system flushing and membrane equilibrations. Solutions are selected and pumped into the cell, under computer control, through an all-Teflon pump-valve system. The solutions are heated during these transfers to ensure rapid attainment of experimental temperature in the cell. The brine system is designed to enable the return of radiotracer solutions to their storage vessels after each use. This serves to reduce consumption of radioactive solutions. 

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