Pump locations elevation

Elevated concentrations of proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, have been shown to inhibit bone resorption via inhibition of H, K -ATPase, a potential energy pump located in the osteoclast ruffled border (30). 

Fig. 3. Rough layout sketch (/) the two fined heaters F-1 and F-2 are located together but are separated from the other equipment with a subpipeway connecting the process area to the heater area (2) the reboiler E-2 is located adjacent to its column, T-1. The preheat exchanger E-4 is located adjacent to tower T-3 (J) the elevated overhead condenser E-3 is located next to the overhead accumulator V-1. Also, the ain condenser EE-3 is located adjacent to its overhead accumulator V-2 (4) the rest of the ain coolers (EE-1—3, -5) are grouped together ia a common fan stmcture (5) all equipment and related piping is routed to and from the existing piperack saving the addition of a new piperack (6) all pumps (P-1—P-6) are located ia a row under the piperack, and each...

Reboilers need to be located next to the tower they serve, except for the pump-through types, which can be located elsewhere. Fired heater reboilers are always located away from the associated tower and use a pump to circulate the bottoms. Ketde-type reboders are preferred from an operational and hydraulic standpoint because they can be designed without the worry of having to ensure sufficient head for circulation required by thermosyphon reboders. However, ketde reboders require a larger-diameter shed that is more cosdy, and the reboder must be supported at a sufficient elevation to get the product to the bottoms pump with adequate NPSH. 

Figure 12 shows the plan and elevation views of a process unit piping (9). A dmm is supported off the piperack. Heat exchangers are located far enough back from the support columns so that they are accessible and their shell covers can be removed. Pumps are located underneath the piperack, but sufficient room is provided for maintenance equipment to access the motors and to remove the pump if necessary. The motor is always oriented away from the process equipment and located on that side of the piperack. Instmment valve drops are shown supported from the columns. The instmment trays themselves mn on the outside of the support columns. Flat turns are only made from the outside position of the piperack. Nozzle-to-nozzle pipe mns are made whenever possible. Larger lines are located on the outside of the piperack. Connections to nozzles above the rack are made from the top... 

The fluid dehvery in an air-spray system can be pressure or suction fed. In a pressure-fed system, the fluid is brought to the atomizer under positive pressure generated with an external pump, a gas pressure over the coating material in a tank, or an elevation head. In a suction system, the annular flow of air around the fluid tip generates sufficient vacuum to aspirate the coating material from a container through a fluid tube and into the air stream. In this case, the paint supply is normally located in a small cup attached to the spray device to keep the elevation differential and frictional pressure drop in the fluid-supply tube small. 

Overflow Pumps These can be omitted if the thickeners are located at increasing elevations from first to last so that overflows are transferred by gravity or if the mixture of underflow and overflow is to be pumped. Overflow pumps are necessary, however, when maximum flexibility and control are sought. 

The system of Figure 2-27 consists of 125 feet of unknown size schedule 40 steel pipe on the discharge side of a centrifugal pump. The flow rate is 500 gallons per minute at 7o°F. Although the tank is located above the pump, note that this elevation difference does not enter into the pipe size-friction drop calculations. How ever it will become a part of selection of the pump for the serrice (see Chapter 3). For quick estimate follow these steps ... 

Other pieces may have to be elevated to enable the system to operate. A steam jet ejector with an intercondenser that is used to produce a vacuum must be located above a 34 ft (10 m) barometric leg. Condensate receivers and holding tanks frequently must be located high enough to provide an adequate net positive suction head (NPSH) for the pump below. For many pumps an NPSH of at least 14 ft (4.2 m) H2O is desirable. Others can operate when the NPSH is only 6 ft (2 m) H2O. See Chapter 8 for a method of calculating NPSH. 

An adequate drainage system should be provided for all locations where a large amount of hydrocarbon liquids has the possibility of release and may accumulate within the terms of the risk analysis frequency levels. Normal practice is to ensure adequate drainage capability exists at all pumps, tanks, vessels, columns, etc., supplemented by area surface runoff or general area catch basins. Sewer systems are normally gravity flow for either sanitary requirements or oily surface water disposal. Where insufficient elevation is available for the main header, lift stations are installed with a forced pressure outlet header to a disposal or treatment system. 

Dry chemical extinguishers should be located on elevated main platforms with stairway access and on air cooler platforms. When determining the proper location for extinguishers, consideration should be given to hydrocarbon pump and compressor areas, hot-oil areas, or similar potential hazards, as well as access to the extinguisher from control rooms or battery limits. Extinguishers should be located so that one can be reached without traveling more than 50 ft (15 m) to any hazard. 

Therefore, the liquid level in the overhead condenser would have to be somewhere in the condenser s shell. But then, the liquid in the condenser would be below the reflux drum. How, then, does the liquid get from the lower elevation of the condenser to the higher elevation in the reflux drum We will have to explain this hydraulic problem later. But for now, we can say that most reflux drums are elevated 20 or 30 ft above grade to provide net positive suction head (NPSH) for the reflux pump. Also, most shell-and-tube condensers are located at grade, for easier maintenance during unit turnarounds. 

Columns T-3 and T-4 operate at 15 and 30 psig, respectively. Column T-3 is located above T-4. Elevations and pressure differentials are maintained in such a way that no liquid pumps are needed in the distillation section of the plant. 

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