Paper high-temperature corrosion

The extent to which low alloy steels react to high temperature corrosive environments is the subject of this chapter. In view of the commercial importance of these steels, the published literature on this topic is extensive and is being continually enlarged. The reader is encouraged to refer to the many excellent papers and current issues of the journals, referenced at the end of the chapter, for more detailed and contemporary information on the topic. 

High-temperature corrosion and wear is encountered in various industries such as waste incineration, fossil energy, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, chemical and petrochemical, mining and smelting operations. One of the methods to combat corrosion and wear and its control is to select suitable material, i.e., an alloy, for the plant design and maintenance. The selection of proper material for plant design and fabrication is followed... 

The purpose of this review paper is to survey the principles of high temperature oxidation or high temperature corrosion. A typical situation is that of a metal exposed to a hot gas which can act as an oxidant. In many cases the oxidation product forms a layer which separates the reactants, the metal and the gas atmosphere. Under special conditions, the kinetics are diffusion controlled, i. e,, the rate of the reaction (the rate of oxide thickness growth) depends on the diffusion of species, ions and electrons, through the layer (sometimes called a tarnish layer). Actually when a metal or alloy is exposed to a corrosive gas, the reaction kinetics may be controlled by one or more of the following steps ... 

High-Temperature Corrosion and Wear Problems High-temperature corrosion and wear occurs in (i) waste incineration, (ii) fossil energy, (iii) pulp and paper (iv) petroleum refining (v) the chemical and petrochemical industries (vi) mining and smelting operations. 

Johansson, R., J. Hamer, J. Redmond and R.M. Davison, 1990, Oxidation and high-temperature corrosion resistance of REM treated stainless steels (Corrosion 90, NaCE) Paper 294. 

V. Rohr, A. Donchev, M. Schiltze, A. Milewska, F.J. Perez, Diffusion coatings for the high temperature corrosion protection of 9-12% Cr steels, Proc of the EUROCORR Conference in Nice (CD) EFC event no 266, paper no 237 (2004). 

R. D. Merrick and C. J. Maguire, Methane Blistering of Equipment in High Temperature Service, Paper No. 30 presented at the annual meeting of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, March 1979. 

Atmospheric corrosion is the most extended type of corrosion in the World. Over the years, several papers have been published in this subject however, most of the research has been made in non-tropical countries and under outdoor conditions. The tropical climate is typical of equatorial and tropical regions and is characterized by permanently high temperatures and relative humidity with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. A high corrosion rate of metals is usually reported for this climate. 

Experimental. For the crevice corrosion study, samples were pretreated in three different ways similar to industrial polishing (SiC paper), pickling (acid cleaning) and bright annealing (short vacuum anneal). The high temperature samples were vacuum annealed... 

In the past ten years the number of chemistry-related research problems in the nuclear industry has increased dramatically. Many of these are related to surface or interfacial chemistry. Some applications are reviewed in the areas of waste management, activity transport in coolants, fuel fabrication, component development, reactor safety studies, and fuel reprocessing. Three recent studies in surface analysis are discussed in further detail in this paper. The first concerns the initial corrosion mechanisms of borosilicate glass used in high level waste encapsulation. The second deals with the effects of residual chloride contamination on nuclear reactor contaminants. Finally, some surface studies of the high temperature oxidation of Alloys 600 and 800 are outlined such characterizations are part of the effort to develop more protective surface films for nuclear reactor applications. ... 

The carbon materials attract the increasing interest of membrane scientists because of their high selectivity and permeability, high hydrophobicity and stability in corrosive and high-temperature operations. Recently many papers were published considering last achievements in the field of carbon membranes for gas separation [2-5]. In particular, such membranes can be produced by pyrolyzing a polymeric precursor in a controlled condition. The one of most usable polymer for this goal is polyacrylonitrile (PAN) [6], Some types of carbon membranes were obtained as a thin film on a porous material by the carbonization of polymeric predecessors [7]. Publications about carbon membrane catalysts are not found up to now. 

Fourdrinier machine—The machine that forms paper from pulp, named after the English family that financed its development in the early 1 800s. Furnish—Specific combination of pulp and other ingredients used to make a particular kind of paper. Kraft process—process in which sodium sulfate is reduced by heating with carbonaceous matter in a furnace to form sodium sulfide, which is then used in a water solution with sodium hydroxide as a cooking liquor. The wood pulp is then cooked under pressure and at high temperatures. The kraft process, also known as the sulfate process, has a less corrosive influence on iron and steel than the sulfite process. 

This article details the thus far developed experimental techniques to carry out potentiometric, pH, electrokinetic, electrochemical kinetics, corrosion, and conductivity measurements in high-temperature (>300 °C) subcritical and supercritical aqueous environments. The author of this chapter recently reviewed the electrochemical processes in high-temperature aqueous solutions [2], an experience that has had a significant impact on the content of this chapter. N ote that the treatment and interpretation of the obtained high-temperature electrochemical data are out of the scope of this review, but there are a number of excellent papers [3-6], which the author recommends to a reader who is interested in the treatment of electrochemical data. Also, two of these papers [4, 5] are useful to anyone interested... 

---