Public strict controls

The different toxicity and bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are a public health concern and therefore require strict control. Cr(VI) is considered to be toxic and carcinogenic, especially for the respiratory tract. In occupational health, the OEL (Occupational Exposure Limits) for water soluble and certain water insoluble compounds in indoor air is set at 0.5 mg/m for Cr, 0.5 mg/m for Cr(III), and 0.05 mg/m for Cr(VI), reflecting the different toxicities of both species. 

His charges generated public controversy 3 months later when he repeated them in an interview with the CBS television news magazine 60 Minutes broadcast on September 7, 1997. Other Russian officials initially dismissed Lebed s charges, saying all the country s nuclear weapons were accounted for and under strict control. Top-ranking Russian defense officials later went further and denied that the U.S.S.R. ever built such weapons, claiming they were too expensive to maintain and too heavy for practical use. 

Prior to the doubts on the efficacy of Mithridatium raised by a number of English physicians, including Culpeper and Quincy and culminating in William Heberden s attack and condemnation of these products, there had been occasions when these formulations had been noted to be ineffective. In all these circumstances it was believed that the formulations had been inadequately compounded or the quality of the ingredients was suspect -the quality of cinnamon was frequently raised - or even the species of viper used in theriac was questioned. These concerns to maintain the quality of Mithridatium and theriac led to the introduction of strict controls over the quality of ingredients and blending. For example, in Venice the manufacture had to be done in public and the ingredients had to be open to inspection. Pharmacopoeias were produced which laid down standards not only for Mithridatium and theriac but for other therapeutic substances. 

Since the middle 1950s, both national and international procedures have imposed strict control upon the nuclear industry in the United Kingdom, to ensure that the dangers from ionising radiation to both the general public and workers in nuclear power plants are at the lowest reasonably achievable levels (ALARA— As Low As Reasonably Achievable ). 

In catalytic multi-phase membrane reactors the catalytic membrane usually plays the role of interface between the two fluid phases. As discussed in the previous subsections, especially in the case of porous catalytic membranes, a strict control of the position of the inter-phase interface in proximity to the catalytic layer is of paramount importance in order to minimize the diffusion resistances. Figure 4.6 reports a simplified outline of a three-phase experimental rig as can be found in several publications. A req cle loop for the liquid phase has been considered in order to achieve the desired conversion. 

In many countries the use of animals for research purposes is strictly controlled and only licensed personnel experienced in small animal surgery are able to cany out the required immunization procedures. Also, the protocols used to achieve immunity are themselves subject to strict control so it is worth considering how essential a mAb reagent is for the purpose in hand or if a high affinity polyclonal antiserum would suffice. Nevertheless, for the precise identification of antigenic epitopes or for diagnostic and therapeutic applications mAbs are essential reagents. In the two decades since the publication of Kohler... 

The principles in this publication apply to the measures necessary to minimize the risks to site personnel, the public and the environment from the effects of ionizing radiation. These risks must be strictly controlled. The principles are derived fixrm the following Safety Objectives. 

Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are dielectric liquids which have been widely used in various industries for more than 50 years because of their supposed nonflammability and their chemical inertness. Recent accidents all over the world have shown PCBs can burn and their combustion byproducts (dioxines, furanes, etc.) are highly toxic. In fact, confusion has been created in the public mind between the dangers and hazards induced by PCBs themselves and those generated by their byproducts. Meanwhile, PCB pollution and toxicity is a major concern for regulating agencies, such as EPA in the United States and industry. Most Western countries now ban PCB production and strictly control their use. However, enormous amounts of PCB remain in use and their safe handling, destruction and replacement are heavy burdens for industrial users. 

The systematic subdivision found in the Chemical Substance Index is analogous to that of the General Subject Index the substance names printed in boldface type are subject to the rules of nomenclature, i.e. they are the CA Index Names, while the index entries in light face type originate from the natural language generally used by the author in his publication, they are not part of the strictly controlled vocabulary. 

Pollution control and waste disposal are now under strict regulation at federal, state, and local levels. Enforcement of these regulations has also become more effective. Increased public awareness and media coverage make it difficult for today s polluter to hide behind a screen of ignorance. 

Three submarkets of the pharmaceutical market can be distinguished innovative patented products sold by prescription, products whose patent has expired and are sold by prescription, and products sold without a prescription. The public regulation of prices in the first of these submarkets, and often also in the second, is a fact that can be observed in most Western countries, with certain notable exceptions such as the USA. Concern about the particular characteristics of the pharmaceutical market (for example, the existence of patents and the pharmaceutical industry s rate of return), together with the desire to provide the majority of the population with access to medicines, regardless of their ability to pay (in many countries the public sector is the main buyer in this market), has led to the fairly widespread adoption of more or less strict price intervention and control policies for pharmaceuticals. 

From the theoretical viewpoint it is useful to separate price regulation and control systems from public reimbursement policies for pharmaceuticals. Strictly speaking, the pharmaceutical reimbursement policies adopted by most public funders as public spending containment policies (for example, the... 

High-level waste reprocessing is the most hazardous operation in the nuclear industry. It is there that the largest quantities of fissionable and radioactive nuclides are handled in aqueous solution. These large-scale operations require both remote control and remote maintenance of the plant to protect the workers from radiation. In addition, the air and water effluents along with the solid refuse must be closely monitored to assure that the public is protected. Finally, the fissionable material requires strict accountability to ensure that it is not diverted to unauthorized uses. 

---