Psychopharmacological evidence

In the appetitive autoshaping paradigm, intra-accumbens infusions of the D1/D2 receptor antagonist alpha-flupenthixol did apparently impair discrimination to a much greater extent in acquisition than performance (DiCiano et al., 2002). 

This technique of post-trial manipulation of the modulation by DA of memory consolidation processes has now been extended to forms of memory mediated by other terminal domains. Packard and White (1991) showed that post-trial administration of d-amphetamine, the D2/3 agonist quinpirole, or the D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 to the caudate (but not the hippocampus) all enhanced subsequent retention of an appetitive win-stay task carried out in a radial maze, whereas similar administrations to the hippocampus (but not the caudate) enhanced learning of a win-shift procedure in the same apparatus. These effects seem very difficult to explain simply in terms of general performance-altering effects of the drug. 

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Goodwin GM for the Consensus Group of the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2003 17 149-73... 

Winslow, IT., and Miczek, K.A. Habituation of aggression in mice Pharmacological evidence of catecholaminergic and serotonergic mediation. Psychopharmacology 81 286-291, 1983. 

Harvey, J.A., and MeMaster, S.E. Fenfluramine Evidence for a neurotoxic action on a long-term depletion of serotonin. Psychopharmacological Communications 1 217-228, 1975. 

Research in psychopharmacology has shown that ethnicity must be considered in psychiatry as well (Lawson, 1986 Pi 8c Simpson, 2005). Early clinical trials with antipsychotic and antidepressant medications showed that ethnic minorities may respond when given the same doses as Caucasians, and may have more side effects (Lawson, 1986 Lawson, 1990). However, dosing cannot be used as a measure of appropriate pharmacotherapy because an extensive literature has shown that African Americans often receive higher doses of antipsychotics despite evidence of more side effects. 

Publications about the effects and side effects of psychopharmacological interventions in populations in the developing countries are insufficient in number and often do not meet standards of the best of evidence. Structures for an exchange of information and learning from each other, such as regular meetings and discussions, are rarely in place. 

Anderson IM, Nutt DJ and Deakin JFW (2000). Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders A revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14, 3-20. 

Fox HC, McLean A, Turner JJD, Parrott AC, Rogers R and Sahakian BJ (2002). Neuropsychological evidence of a relatively selective profile of temporal dysfunction in drug-free MDMA (Ecstasy) polydrug users. Psychopharmacology, 162, 203-214. 

Laruelle M and Abi-Dargham A (1999). Dopamine as the wind of psychotic fire New evidence from brain imaging studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13, 358-371. 

Parrott AC, Lees A, Garnham NJ, Jones M and Wesnes K (1998). Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or Ecstasy Evidence for memory deficits. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12, 79-83. 

Data from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manuai of Mental Disorders, 4th edv text revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association, 2000 429-484 and Baldwin DS, Anderson iMr Nutt DJr et al. Evidence-based guidelines hr the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders Recommendations from the British Society for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacology 2005 19 567-596. 

Pritchard WS, Houiihan ME, Guy TD, Robinson JH. (1999). Little evidence that "denicotinized" menthoi cigarettes have pharmacoiogicai effects an EEG/heart-rate/subjective-response study. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 143(3) 273-79. 

Titeler M, Lyon RA, Glennon RA. (1988). Radioligand binding evidence implicates the brain 5-HT2 receptor as a site of action for LSD and phenylisopropylamine hallucinogens. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 94(2) 213-16. 

Perkins KA, Donny E, et al (1999) Sex differences in nicotine effects and self-administration review of human and animal evidence. Nicotine Tob Res 1(4) 301-315 Perkins KA, Epstein EH, et al (1991) Effects of dose, gender, and level of physical activity on acute metabolic response to nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40(2) 203-208 Perkins KA, Epstein EH, et al (1992) Effects of nicotine on hunger and eating in male and female smokers. Psychopharmacology 106(l) 53-59... 

Holland PC (1991) Acquisition and transfer of occasion setting in operant feature positive and feature negative discriminations. Learn Motiv 22 366-387 Imperato A, Mulas A, Di Chiara G (1986) Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine-release in the limbic system of freely moving rats. Eur J Pharmacol 132 337-338 James JR, Villanueva HE, Johnson JH, Arezo S, Rosecrans JA (1994) Evidence that nicotine can acutely desensitize central nicotine acetylcholinergic receptors. Psychopharmacology 114 456-462... 

Pratt JA, Stolerman IP, Garcha HS, Giardini V, Feyerabend C (1983) Discriminative stimulus properties of nicotine further evidence for mediation at a cholinergic receptor. Psychopharmacology 81 54-60... 

Dar R, Frenk H (2004) Do smokers self-administer pure nicotine A review of the evidence. Psychopharmacology 173 18-26... 

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