Proximity ligation

Using RNA Aptamers and the Proximity Ligation Assay for the Detection of Cell Surface Antigens... 

Key words Proximity ligation, PLA, Aptamer, Selection, Real-time PCR, Detection. 

Gullberg, M.,Fredriksson, S., Taussig,M., Jarvius, J., Gustafsdottir, S., Landegren, U. (2003) A sense of closeness protein detection by proximity ligation. Cnrr Opin Biotechnol. 14,82-86... 

Schallmeiner, E., Oksanen, E., Ericsson, O., Spangberg, L., Eriksson, S., Stenman, U. H., Pettersson, K., and Landegren, U. (2007) Sensitive protein detection via triple-binder proximity ligation assays. Nat Methods. 4, 135-137... 

Pai, S., Ellington, A. D., and Levy, M. (2005) Proximity ligation assays with peptide conjugate burrs for the sensitive detection of spores. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, el62... 

Methods for the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences are much more sensitive with respect to the detection of proteins, since polymerase chain reaction (PCR) represents a very powerful amplification tool for nucleic acids. The fact that aptamers are made of DNA or RNA offers the opportunity to combine the detection of proteins with the amplification potentialities that until some years ago were restricted to the detection of nucleic acids. PCR has been used alone or combined with other molecular biology techniques for nucleic acid manipulation (proximity ligation or exonuclease protection) to develop extremely sensitive assays for the detection of a variety of proteins. 

In solid-phase proximity ligation assay, low-femtomolar concentrations of the protein were detected using the same pair of proximity probes as those used for the homogeneous assay. This demonstrated the high sensitivity of the detection method compared with the low-picomolar detection threshold of the ELISA for the same protein. 

GuUberg, M., Gustafsdottir, S. M., Schallmeiner, E., Jarvius, J., Bjamegard, M., Betsholtz, C., et al. (2004). Cytokine detection by antibody-based proximity ligation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(22), 8420-8424. http //dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400552101. 

Jarvius, M., Paulsson, J., Weibrecht, I., Leuchotvius, K. J., Andersson, A. C., Wahlby, C., et al. (2007). In situ detection of phosphorylated platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta using a generalized proximity ligation method. Alolecular Cellular Proteomics, 6(9), 1500—1509. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1074/mcp.M700166-MCP200. 

Soderbei, O., M. Gullberg, M. Jarvius, K. Ridderstrale, K. J. Leuchowius, J. Jarvius, K. Wester, P. Hydbring, F. Bahram, L. G. Larsson, and U. Landegren. 2006. Direct observation of individual endogenous protein complexes in situ by proximity ligation. Nat. Methods 3 995-1000. 

Distal embolization is achieved with particulate agents, cyanoacrylate or other liquid agents. Proximal ligation is surgically performed or may be done percutaneously with steel coils or detachable balloons. Considering that the intrahepatic portal vasculature was classically considered as terminal... 

They even may be the only supply to the floor of the mouth when there is a proximal ligation of the linguo-facial system. 

Accessory supply to the nasal fossa and to the cavum has been described in vascular lesions or after proximal ligation via the accessory meningeal arteries and ascending pharyngeal arteries [3,23]. 

The same studies are repeated in the contralateral vessels, and embolization performed according to the same rules. As a rule, proximal ligation or occlusions with coils must be avoided, as they will not properly control the bleed and will favor the development of collaterals. 

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