Prototypes meaning

Rapid prototyping means to make parts using RP processes and RP materials. In terms of tooling it results in Prototype Tooling. In contrast, rapid manufacturing uses materials close to non-AM processing, often named series materials and results in Direct Tooling. 

Once a LP prototype filter has been designed, a prototype HP, BP, or BS L-C filter is realized by replacing the LP network elements according to the scheme shown in Table 4.12. This technique is called frequency mapping. Recall that prototype means that the cutoff frequency of a frequency-mapped HP filter or the center frequency of a frequency-mapped BP or BS filter is 1 rad/s (Fig. 4.37) when operating with a l-f2 load. The bandwidth parameter B in Table 4.12 expresses bandwidth of a BS or BP filter as the ratio of bandwidth to center frequency. If, for example, the bandwidth and center frequency requirements for a BP or BS filter are 100 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively, then the prototype bandwidth parameter B is 0.1. The general network configurations for HP, BP, and BS L-C filters are shown in Fig. 4.38. 

The example demonstrates that operating the compressor off the built-in pressure ratio means operating at a lower efficiency. This could be anticipated from Figure 4-3. The optimum port configuration for the various types of screw compressors was determined from a series of prototype tests. The change in volumetric efficiency is not a result of the built-in volume ratio, but is due to the increased slip (internal leak " n... 

There will be situations where the customer requires a prototype program but when no such requirement has been stated it does not mean you should not produce prototypes. Prototypes will not normally be required when the design is similar to a previously proven design or standard or the design is so simple that sufficient evidence can be obtained during the production trial run. 

Preparation of the prototype starts with the radical side I liain bromination of dichloroacetophenone to give the bromoketone (23). The carbonyl group is then reduced by means of sodium borohydride displacement of halogen by means of isopropylamine... 

The prototype, amphetamine (52), is obtained by reductive amination of phenylacetone by means of ammonia and hydrogen. Isolation of the (+) isomer by resolution gives dextroamphetamine, a somewhat more potent stimulant than the racemate. 

Condensation of ethyl acetoacetate with phenyl hydrazine gives the pyrazolone, 58. Methylation by means of methyl iodide affords the prototype of this series, antipyrine (59). Reaction of that compound with nitrous acid gives the product of substitution at the only available position, the nitroso derivative (60) reduction affords another antiinflammatory agent, aminopyrine (61). Reductive alkylation of 61 with acetone in the presence of hydrogen and platinum gives isopyrine (62). Acylation of 61 with the acid chloride from nicotinic acid affords nifenazone (63). Acylation of 61 with 2-chloropropionyl chloride gives the amide, 64 displacement of the halogen with dimethylamine leads to aminopropylon (65). ... 

Chlorpromazine (33) can probably be considered the prototype of the phenothiazine major tranquilizers. The antipsychotic potential of the phenothiazines was in fact discovered in the course of research with this agent. It is of note that, despite the great number of alternate analogs now available to clinicians, the original agent still finds considerable use. The first recorded preparation of this compound relies on the sulfuration reaction. Thus, heating 3-chlorodiphenylamine (30) with sulfur and iodine affords the desired phenothiazine (31) as well as a lesser amount of the isomeric product (32) produced by reaction at the 2 position. The predominance of reaction at 6 is perhaps due to the sterically hindered nature of the 2 position. Alkylation with w-C3-chloropropyl)dimethylamine by means of sodium amide affords chlorpromazine (33). ... 

A phenyl ethanol amine in which the nitrogen is alkylated by a long chain alphatic group departs in activity from the prototypes. This agent, suloctidil (43) is described as a peripheral vasodilator endowed with platelet antiaggregatory activity. As with the more classical compounds, preparation proceeds through bromination of the substituted propiophen-one ( ) and displacement of halogen with octyl amine. Reduction, in this case by means of sodium borohydride affords suloctidil (43). ... 

However, like the scientific method, the engineering method is an interative process and embedded in the engineering method is the systematic use of the scientific method itself to predict behavior of a prototype device or process. This means both methods require the use of trial and error. The interdependency of irtiil and error was explained by someone who said. One cannot have trail and error without error. ... 

Just what do we mean when we say that something is complex To make it slightly easier, we should really be ask two separate questions. First, What is a complex system , followed by What is complex behavior While neither of these two questions is particularly easy to answer rigorously, the task is, conceptually at least, made easier if we use cellular automata as paradigms for both they not only constitute the prototypical complex dynamical system, but their behavior literally spans the spectrum from nuii-rule-like triviality to Conway s Lifo-rule-like computa tional universality the latter of which arguably represents as complex a behavior as is likely to be found anywhere. With this image in mind, let us address the above two questions. 

A prototype is a 3-D model suitable for use in the preliminary testing and evaluation of a product (also used for modeling a die, mold and other tool). It provides a means to evaluate the product s performances before going into production. The ideal situation is for the prototype to be the actual product made in production. However machining stock material and using rapid prototype techniques can make prototypes (Chapter 4, BOOK SHELVES). 

DV refers to the series of procedures used by the product development group to ensure that a product design output meets its design input. It focuses primarily on the end of the product development cycle. It is routinely understood to mean a thorough prototype testing of the final product to ensure that it is acceptable for shipment to the customers. 

CMCs of LAS-AOS mixtures in water that contained no calcium or magnesium ions were determined by Suri et al. [3] by means of the surface tension method. The purpose of this work was to study the advantage of LAS-AOS synergism in prototype phosphate-free carbonate-built formulations for use in the Indian market. The authors have used a commercial C10-C14 LAS sample with an average molecular weight of 343 and a commercial C16-C18 AOS sample with an average molecular weight of 350. 

Applications of peroxide formation are underrepresented in chiral synthetic chemistry, most likely owing to the limited stability of such intermediates. Lipoxygenases, as prototype biocatalysts for such reactions, display rather limited substrate specificity. However, interesting functionalizations at allylic positions of unsaturated fatty acids can be realized in high regio- and stereoselectivity, when the enzymatic oxidation is coupled to a chemical or enzymatic reduction process. While early work focused on derivatives of arachidonic acid chemical modifications to the carboxylate moiety are possible, provided that a sufficiently hydrophilic functionality remained. By means of this strategy, chiral diendiols are accessible after hydroperoxide reduction (Scheme 9.12) [103,104]. 

The selection of cluster number, which is generally not known beforehand, represents the primary performance criterion. Optimization of performance therefore requires trial-and-error adjustment of the number of clusters. Once the cluster number is established, the neural network structure is used as a way to determine the linear discriminant for interpretation. In effect, the RBFN makes use of known transformed features space defined in terms of prototypes of similar patterns as a result of applying /c-means clustering. 

A fused heterocyclic compound (146) distantly related to the antiinflammatory agent cintazone (Chapter 12), which itself can be viewed as a cyclized derivative of phenylbutazone, retains the activity of the prototype, in the synthesis of 146, reaction of the nitroaniline 139 with phosgene gives intermediate 140, which is then reacted with ammonia to afford the substituted urea (141). Cyclization of the ortho nitrourea function by means of sodium hydroxide leads to the N-oxide (142) this last reaction represents... 

Extruded SCR catalysts based on V205/W03—Ti02 with cell densities of 300cpsi are commercialized and 400 cpsi prototypes are available. Extruded SCR catalyst means that the whole monolith consists of the active mass V205/W03—Ti02, which is enforced by glass fibers and binders. 

Hardness values for the prototype diborides are listed in Table 10.1. Most hardness measurements for diborides have been made for sintered specimens thus, they vary from one author to another. The values listed are the highest ones reported. Average values have little meaning in this case. 

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