Proteins hypersensitive measurement

Hypersensitive Measurement of Proteins by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry... 

A variety of assays have been designed and validated to measure specific antibodies in the sera of treated animals. In addition efforts have been paid to minimizing the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. As these issues are addressed comprehensively in another chapter of this volume, the focus here will be on predicting problems that may ensue from the presence of such antibodies, namely hypersensitivity reactions. Presumably because allergic reactions have long been considered to be nonreproducible in animal models, limited efforts have been paid to designing predictive animal models until recently. Unexpectedly, the consequence is that no adequately standardized and validated model is available at the present time. 

Tire Anderson and Molhave (1983) study identified an apparent effect level (0.2 ppm), based on subjective reports of irritation that is lower than the effect levels (0.35-0.4 ppm) in the studies by Pazdrak et al. (1993), Krakowiak et al. (1998), and Bender et al. (1993), which used more objective measures of acute irritation (eosinophil counts and protein concentrations in nasal lavage fluid or time to first reporting of irritation see section 2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects - Respiratory Effects Acute Controlled Exposure Human Studies.) Because of the use of objective measures of toxicity and the general weight of the available data indicating that some people will not experience eye or upper respiratoiy tract irritation from formaldehyde even at 1 ppm (see Day et al. 1984 Kulle et al. 1987, Weber Tschopp et al. 1977, and Witek et al. 1986), the Pazdrak et al. (1993) LOAEL of 0.4 ppm was considered a minimal LOAEL in a group of potentially sensitive individuals (some subjects had dennal hypersensitivity to fonnaldehyde) and selected as the basis of the acute MRL. 

DA Levy. Measurement of hypersensitivity to latex protein. In Latex Protein Allergy The Latest Position. Brickendonbury, United Kingdom Crain Communications Ltd, Rubber Consultants, 1995, pp. 1-5. 

Weliky et al. (1978, 1979) applied paper disk radioimmunoassay methods to measure tartrazine-specific IgD and IgE antibodies. Both sensitive patients and healthy control subjects had such antibodies but interestingly, after absorption with a tartrazine-protein conjugate, the levels of serum IgD-specific antibody in sensitive patients were clearly distinguishable from those in controls. This seems to be the first report associating hypersensitivity to a low molecular weight chemical with IgD. 

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