Protein alpha,-fetoprotein

McLeod, J. F., Cooke, N. E. 1989. The vitamin D-binding protein, alpha-fetoprotein, albumin multigene family Detection of transcripts in multiple tissues. J Biol Chem, 264 21760-9. 

Mclssac and Joshl, M. S. "Prenatal Detection of Neural Tube Defects. Comparison Between Alpha Fetoprotein and Beta-Trace Protein Assays". Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol,... 

Morinaga, T., Yasuda, H., Hashimoto, T Higashio, K., and Tamaoki, T. (1991). A human alpha-fetoprotein enhancer-binding protein, ATBF1, contains four homeodomains and seventeen zinc fingers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 6041-6049. 

Alpha-fetoprotein Major protein of fetal serum cancers Hepatocellular... 

H45. Hirano, K., Watanabe, Y., Adachi, T., and Sugiura, M., Carrier proteins in human fetal serum Bilirubin-binding abilities of albumin, alpha-fetoprotein and ligandin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32, 708-715 (1984). 

Cooke, N. E., David, E. V. 1985. Serum vitamin D-binding protein is a third member of the albumin and alpha fetoprotein gene family. J Clin Invest, 76 2420-4. 

In HCC altered liver function is often determined by the underlying disease, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, which may also settle the overall life quality and expectancy. The most reliable laboratory parameters for liver function are prothrombin time, albumin, and bilirubin, where normal values indicate a significantly better outcome in any therapy (Tateishi et al. 2005 Varela et al. 2003). Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein - significantly elevated in HCC in about two-thirds of cases - and C-reactive protein maybe used mainly for follow-up to assess the response (Hashimoto et al. 2005). 

Sarcoidosis may rarely involve the female and male reproductive tracts (234). Sarcoidosis may affect any portion of the female genitourinary tract including the ovary (235), fallopian tube (236), utems (237), and vulva (238). Cases of sarcoidosis of the male testis are particularly problematic because of the concern for possible testicular malignancy. Elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotrophic (p-HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are elevated in approximately half of the patients with nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma (239). However, normal levels of these proteins do not exclude the diagnosis of cancer. In an attempt to avoid unnecessary orchiectomy, young males with known sarcoidosis or a clinical situation compatible with sarcoidosis and normal AFP and p-HCG levels could be considered for close observation and repeated ultrasound, a brief empiric trial of corticosteroids, or possibly an excisional biopsy (234). 

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