Prostate tumors tumor suppressor genes

Srivastava, M., Bubendorf, L., Srikantan, V., Fossom, L., Nolan, L., Glasman, M., Leighton, X., Fehrle, W., Pittaluga, S., Raffeld, M. et al., 2001, ANX7, a candidate tumor suppressor gene for prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4575-4580. 

K18. Kubota Y., Shuin, T., Uemura, H., Fujinami, K., Miyoto, H., et at, Tumor suppressor gene p53 mutations in human prostate cancer. Prostate 27, 18-24 (1995). 

Recently, it has been found that, in addition to its detoxification function and its function as a biomarker for up-regulation of other phase II enzymes, up-regulation of quinone reductase by monofunctional inducers may play a role in the stabilization of p53, the protein product of a tumor suppressor gene, which induces growth arrest and apoptosis. Sulforaphane has also been shown to mediate growth arrest and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in many cancer cell lines, including those of human prostate, colon, and T-cell leukemia origin. - The exact mechanisms, and whether all the bioactivities of sulforaphane involve the ARE, are not yet understood. 

COX-2 overexpression also has been detected in prostate adenocarcinoma (Gupta et al, 2000 Yoshimura et al, 2000). The expression of COX-2 in tumors, was found to be upregulated by various oncogenes such as Her-2 or ras and downregulated by tumor suppressor genes like p53 (Subbaramaiah et al., 1999 Subbaramaiah et al, 2002). Several COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and NS-398, have been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines (Hsu et al., 2000 Liu et al., 1998). 

Majid S, Dar AA, Shahryani V, Hirata H, Ahmad A, Saini S, Tanaka Y, Dahiya AV, Dahiya R. Genistein reverses hypermethylation and induces active histone modifications in tumor suppressor gene B-cell translocation gene 3 in prostate cancca-. Cancer. 2010 116 66-76. 

Chen Y, Zaman MS, Deng G, Majid S, Saini S, Liu J, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R. MicroRNAs 2217222 and genistein-mediated regulation of ARHI tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancta-. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 4 76-86. 

Since the pioneering work by Knudson in the early 1970s, a correlation between mutated tumor suppressor genes and different cancers has been found in several cases, such as BRCAl (cancers of breast, ovary, colon and prostate), BRCA2 (cancers of breast, ovary, pancreas and prostate), CDK4 (melanoma) and PMSl and PMS2 (colorectal cancer), just to mention a few. Representative tumor suppressor genes, their functions and the pathways affected are listed in Table 1.3. 

Discovery and synthesis of a novel fluorescent carbazole that up-regulates the tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A in human prostate cancer cells... 

Over expression of tumor suppressor gene bcI-2 plays an important role in cellular resistance to apoptosis caused by various factors (77). Lin et al have shown that over expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bc1-Xl proteins may play a role in the development of resistance to cancer therapy 18). Functional over expression of Bcl-2 has been reported to confer an anti-apoptotic potential in a variety of cell types. The role of Bcl-2 in epithelial cell-cycle control and in interactions with other cell-cycle regulators is not clearly understood. Its expression has been correlated with the hormone- and chemo-resistant phenotype in advanced prostate cancer 19). Granville et al have shown that overexpression of Bcl-2 in HL-60 cells prevented apoptosis-related events including caspase 3 and 6 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage by photodynamic therapy (20). Over expression of HER2 in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast tumors has been associated with resistance to endocrine therapy. 

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