Prospective and Outlook

The amino acid production industry will remain as a fast growing business enterprise until a cheaper and energy efficient process is commercialized. Microbial amino acid production will be exploited to the most possible extend of maximal production capacity and process economics by new innovations in strain improvement, metabolic engineering, and systems biology. Microbial amino acid production holds a promising position in the future of white biotechnology and studies on utilization of feedstock for 

The authors are thankful to Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for grant under bilateral exchange visit programme (DST-DAAD) to work on this topic and also funding from MNRE, New Delhi to work on Sorghum hydrolysate for amino acid production. First author MA thankful to DST-INSPIRE fellowship. 

Chapman P. Amino adds market to hit 12.8 biUion by 2017. July 3, 2012. Awiilable from http //-www.companiesandmarkets.eom/News/Chemicals/Amino-acids-market-to-hit-12-8-biIhon-by-2017/N13838. 

Giacometti T. Free and bound glutamate in natural products. In Filer Jr LJ, Garattini S, Kare MR, Reynolds WA, Wurtman RJ, editors. Glutamic acid advances in biochemistry and physiology. NewAbrk Raven Press 1979. p. 25-34. 

Kinoshita S, Udaka S, Shimono M. Studies on the amino acid fermentation Part.l. Production of L- utamic acid by various microorganisms.J GenAppl Microbiol 1957 3 193-205. 

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These problems with Iran would be less significant for Middle East gas trade if the security situation in neighboring Iraq were not so serious. Iraqi gas reserves are relatively modest by Middle East standards but the country s potential is believed to be significant and its proximity to Turkey - plus the existence of a previous gas trade contract between the countries - means that Iraq could become a significant source of European supplies. But the current security situation and outlook mean that secure and stable large-scale gas exports from Iraq seem a very distant prospect. ... 

In order for us to effectively develop and use these new tools, we must make the transition from an empirical, retrospective use of modeling to a planned design approach. The question to be addressed should not be Why didn t this experiment work Rather, we need a prospective outlook Can this work These new theoretical tools should be bringing new information to the chemist to be used in conjunction with experimental data already available. The success of computer aided design of chemicals will arrive when a chemist can sit at the terminal as the first step in the development process. 

The reader will gain a comprehensive overview through review-like contributions that comprehensively present the state of the art, but also offer fundamentally new and deeper insights. Other, more specific contributions offer both new outlooks or conclusions, and thoughts on the prospects of organic farming and its further evolution. 

Finally I address some first attempts to incorporate electronic excitations in dynamical simulations from first principles. This review ends with an outlook at the promising prospects for realistic highdimensional simulations. More and more complex systems will be addressed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations deepening our microscopic understanding of many fundamentally and technologically important processes at surfaces. 

In this chapter, an overview is presented of the main optical biosensors, the operating principle of the different devices, the design of the sensors, the technology of fabrication, the resolution, the dynamic range and detection limit of each device, the most important applications and the commercial devices on the market. Finally, an outlook of futtu"e prospects for this technology is given. 

The prospects of this process are extremely good from the electrochemical point of view. Taking into account the whole process and the prices of naphthalene and anthraquinone on the world market, the outlook is still good for large-scale plants, with a capacity of 5000 metric tons per year or more. 

While there is clearly much technical work to be done and improvements to be made and there is an obvious need for extended operating experience using the equipment so far produced, nevertheless, the outlook is promising both technically and economi -cally. But while the prospects are generally good, there is also a pressing need for more detailed studies of the properties of the char, oil, and gas, of the various applications of these products possible, and of the overall systems involved. This work should start immediately. 

Christopher Dyer, Replacing the battery in portable electronics, Scientific American, July 1999, p. 88. Dyer s article was one of three in a special report on fuel cells in that issue. The second (A. John Appleby, The Electrochemical Engine for Vehicles ) described the prospects of fuel cells as a power source for vehicles. The third (Alan Lloyd, The Power Plant in Your Basement ) described the outlook for small fuel cells powering homes and other small-scale applications. 

During the Global Innovation Outlook sessions, several participants advanced a concept built around the term Reputation Capital. It describes a kind of currency for building trust in a prospective worker s personal and professional quahfications. They cited examples such as Wikipedia and eBay, both of which built successful brands based on the contributions of hundreds of thousands of non-afifihated individuals. 

Outlook and Perspective Current Challenges and Future Scope/Prospects... 

This Outlook has tried to evaluate supported IL materials with respect to their prospect for future commercial appHcations. Using the lead-questions of the diffusion of innovation methodology, it appears quite likely that SILP and SCILL technologies will develop into one of the preferred ways for the industrial application of ILs in the future. 

In this chapter, the state-of-the-art developments and technological achievements of the biological route for the two important diols (2,3-BD and 1,4-BD) production have been summarized. Espeeially, the key technologies involved in the production of the two bio-based diols, including catalysis, metabohc engineering, and synthetic biology were highhghted. Furthermore, the economic outlook and future prospects on the bio-based BDs production are discussed. 

Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a valuable platform chemical that can be produced from glucose or glycerol by biological processes. This chapter provides an overview and the current status of microbial 3-HP production. It also describes various constraints of microbial 3-HP production and possible solutions. Finally, economic outlook and future prospects of biological 3-HP production are discussed. 

Gubbins KE, Quirke N (1996) Introduction to molecular simulation and industrial applications methods, examples and prospects. In Gubbins KE, Quirke N (eds) Molecular simulations and industrial applications. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam Maginn EJ, Elliot JR (2010) Historical perspective and ctnrent outlook for molecular dynamics as a chanical engineering tool. Ind Eng Chem Res 49 3059-3078 Friesner RA (2005) Ab initio quantiun chemistry methodology and applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 6648-6653... 

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