Propylene isopropyl acetate from

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Olefins from ethylene through octene have been converted into esters via acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition. With ethylene and propylene, only a single ester is produced using acetic acid, ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate, respectively. With the butylenes, two products are possible jw-butyl esters result from 1- and 2-butylenes, whereas tert-butyl esters are obtained from isobutylene. The C5 olefins give rise to three JW-amyl esters and one /-amyl ester. As the carbon chain is lengthened, the reactivity of the olefin with oiganic acids increases. 

Scheme 1.51. (a) Elimination of ester side groups through a six-membered transition state propylene from thermolysis of poly(isopropyl acetate), (b) PHB elimination of crotonic acid and accompanying chain scission. 

Esterification is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids (25). Several types of esters are produced including those resulting from reaction with monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, ethylene or propylene oxide, and acetjiene or vinyl acetate. The principal monohydric alcohols used are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl alcohols (26) (see Esterification Esters, organic). 

Separated from retinol by column chromatography on water-deactivated alumina with hexane containing a very small percentage of acetone. Also chromatographed on TLC silica gel G, using pet ether/isopropyl ether/acetic acid/water (180 20 2 5) or pet ether/acetonitrile/acetic acid/water (190 10 1 15) to develop the chromatogram. Then recrystd from propylene at low temperature. 

Acetic Anhydride. Other products recovered from the oxidation of light hydrocarbons (6) are acetic acid and acetic anhydride as well as acetaldehyde, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, all of which may be converted to acetic acid or the anhydride. The direct oxidation process supplements the production of acetic anhydride from acetone derived from propylene, which has been the principal commercial source of the anhydride. The increasing production of cellulose acetate within recent years has been attributed to the low cost of acetic anhydride from the latter process (44). 

Acetone which was formerly made almost exclusively by the dry distillation of calcium acetate obtained in the destructive distillation of wood, is now made on a large scale by the dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol obtained largely from the hydration of propylene contained in refinery gases.84 The other remaining sources of acetone at present are the wood distillation industry, the fermentation process of butanol manufacture,... 

Some form of activated carbon is used in these processes rather than silica- and alumina-base adsorbents, because of carbon s selectivity for organic vapors in the presence of water. Typical solvents, which can be recovered from air streams by activated carbon, include hydrocarbons such as naphtha or petroleum ether methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and other alcohols chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and propylene dichloridc esters. such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and amyl acetate acetone and other ketones ethers aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene carbon disulfide, and many other compounds. 

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