Propulsion comparison

Practical experience has shown that, depending on the field of application, a considerable reduction in inspection costs can be had when opting for radioscopy rather than radiography. By comparison with film technique, the inspection time of turbine blades for aircraft jet propulsion engines is reduced by 45% to 60%. When adding film costs, approximately DM 450.000,- can be saved per year /3/. As far as... 

Based upon experimentally observed spectroscopic data, statistical thermodynamic calculations provide thermodynamic data which would not be obtained readily from direct experimental measurements for the species and temperature of interest to rocket propulsion. If the results of the calculations are summarized in terms of specific heat as a function of temperature, the other required properties for a particular specie, for example, enthalpy, entropy, the Gibb s function, and equilibrium constant may be obtained in relation to an arbitrary reference state, usually a pressure of one atmosphere and a temperature of 298.15°K. Or alternately these quantities may be calculated directly. Significant inaccuracies in the thermochemical data are not associated generaUy with the results of such calculations for a particular species, but arise in establishing a valid basis for comparison of different species. 

Table 4.13 summarizes the calculated propulsion parameters for aluminized formulations in which the Al content has been varied in order to achieve an oxygen balance that is close to zero (with respect to C02, see eq. 2). Table 4.13 contains the corresponding values for a AP /Al formulation for comparison as well. Finally, Table 4.14 shows the calculated specific impulses for equilibrium expansion for the three optimized formulations (covalent 02N—02C—C02—N02 /Al, ionic [N0]2[02C C02] /Al and AP /Al). The results of Table 4.14 are graphically summarized in Figure 4.6. 

G.E. Voecks, Comparisons of a Metal Supported Catalyst Bed to a Conventional Packed Bed for Steam Reforming Methane, Topical Reports on Experimental Efforts in Support of DOE Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Program, Final Report, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication D-5614, pp. 12-38 (1988). 

A comparison with the commercial scooters powered by 50 cm spark ignition engines, made in terms of energy consumption per unit of traveled distance on the same standard driving cycle, evidences that a very strong reduction of consumed kJ km is possible for the fuel cell power train, in particular its overall efficiency results about 2.5 times better than conventional propulsion systems. 

First, the researchers estimated the response of the photovoltaic supply industry to the various alternatives by using data from three different sources a workshop of photovoltaic industry representatives, an assessment by an independent market research firm with photovoltaic experience, and a joint SERI/Jet Propulsion Laboratory analysis of the photovoltaic industry. Market estimates were derived from reviews and comparison of several available market studies and from a workshop attended by representatives of potential buyers in selected markets. Then, using a consumers surplus approach to calculate benefits, the authors used changes in price and quantity estimates attributed to the initiative to calculate the expected marginal net benefits of the initiative. Because of uncertainties in the size of potential intermediate markets, the effectiveness of the initiative was analyzed under a range of possible market scenarios. 

Z.-L. Fang, M. Sperling, B. Welz, Comparison of three propulsion systems for application in flow-injection zone penetration dilution and sorbent extraction preconcentration for flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 269 (1992) 9. 

Figure 4.2. Recordings obtained with the single-line FIA flame atomic absorption spectrometry system of Fig. 4.1 using a flow rate of the carrier stream of 4.9 mL/min and an injected sample volume of 150 jlL. (a) Calibration run for zinc as obtained by the injection of 0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ppm of zinc standards, (b) Recorder response for the 1.5 ppm zinc standard as obtained by (A) injection via the FIA system and (B) continuous aspiration in the conventional mode. For the sake of comparison, the aspiration rate in (R) was increased to 4.9 mL/min, corresponding to the propulsion rate used in (A), where S is the point of injection. D represents the dispersion coefficient value, which in (B) is equal to 1. (c) Calibration run for a series of lead standards (2, 5, 10, 25, and 20 ppm), recorded without (0%) and with (3.3%) sodium chloride added to the standards to simulate, in the latter instance, a matrix of seawater.

Fig. 4.4 Comparison of automotive propulsion systems to meet EU targets. FCEV and BEV have the biggest potential to significantly reduce CO2 and local emissions [6]...

M. Daowd, N. Omar, P. Van Den Bossche, J. Van Mierlo, Passive and Active Battery Balancing Comparison Based on MATLAB Simulation. Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), IEEE, 2011. 

The propulsion of aircraft by fuel cells can be envisaged for lightweight unmanned surveillance drones. The advantage in comparison to thermal motorization is the acoustic and thermal discretion, as the low temperature of PEMFCs renders heat tracking more difficult. 

M. Einhom, V. Conte, C. Krai, and J. Fleig, Comparison of electrical battery models using a numerically optimized parameterization method, in Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2011 IEEE, pp. 1-7, sept. 2011. 

Gaines LL, Elgowainy A, Wang MQ (2008) EuU fuel-cycle comparison of forklift propulsion systems. In Argonne National Laboratory. ANL/ESD/08-3... 

Alkaline salts of bis(furoxano)-2-nitrophenol (primarily KBFNP) were proposed as heavy metal-free primary explosives. Even the most promising candidate— KBFNP—exhibits low thermal stability at temperatures over 100 °C and even more importantly it has a very low performance in comparison with LA. As an unsuitable LA replacement, it may find some use in igniting compositions replacing LS. KBFNP has been also investigated for use in actuators or micro-propulsion systems [54],... 

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