Prophylaxis structure

VI.a.2.4. Diaminopyrimidines. Pyrimethamine is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, like the biguanides, and is structurally related to trimethoprim. It is seldom used alone. Pyrimethamine in fixed combinations with dapsone or sulfadoxine is used for treatment and prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. The synergistic activities of pyrimethamine and sulfonamides are similar to those of trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations. Resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum have appeared world wide. Prophylaxis against falciparum... 

Fluorine is an essential element involved in several enzymatic reactions in various organs, it is present as a trace element in bone mineral, dentine and tooth enamel and is considered as one of the most efficient elements for the prophylaxis and treatment of dental caries. In addition to their direct effect on cell biology, fluoride ions can also modify the physico-chemical properties of materials (solubility, structure and microstructure, surface properties), resulting in indirect biological effects. The biological and physico-chemical roles of fluoride ions are the main reasons for their incorporation in biomaterials, with a pre-eminence for the biological role and often both in conjunction. This chapter focuses on fluoridated bioceramics and related materials, including cements. The specific role of fluorinated polymers and molecules will not be reviewed here. 

Vitamins are vital for normal metabolism in body. They vary in their chemical structure and are supplied in very small quantity in diet, because they are not synthesized in body or their rate of production is not sufficient for maintenance of health. Vitamin deficiency leads to development of deficiency symptoms. Different vitamin preparations are available for treatment and prophylaxis. Most of the vitamins are nontoxic but on chronic administration can cause toxicity especially vitamin A and D. 

Indications Respiratory infections Bone and joint infection Skin and skin structure infection Urinary tract infection Biliary tract infection Genital infection Septicemia Endocarditis Intra-abdominal infection Surgical prophylaxis Empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients... 

Acyclovir (ACV) is not a true nucleoside, because the guanine residue is attached to an open-chain structure, but it mimics deoxyribose well enough for the compound to be accepted as a substrate by a thymidine kinase specified by certain herpes-type viruses. The normal thymidine kinase in mammalian cells does not recognize ACV as a substrate, however, so only virus-infected cells convert ACV to its monophosphate. Once the first phosphate has been added, the second phosphate is added by cellular guanylate kinase several other cellular kinases can add the third phosphate. The triphosphate is a more potent inhibitor of the viral DNA polymerases than of cellular DNA polymerases and also inactivates the former but not the latter. The net result is that ACV has been an effective treatment of, and prophylaxis for, genital herpes. Also it can result in dramatic relief of pain associated with shingles caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus, and has been successful in many patients with herpes encephalitis. 

Spermicide-antiviral the polymer appears to be an effective delivery system for the spermicidal/antiviral agent nonoxynol-9. By its ability to adhere to vaginal tissue while retaining nonoxynol-9 in its gel structure, it is an excellent extended effect spermicide. As an antiviral, nonoxynol-9 can only kill free HIV and is not noticeably active when the virus is within a lymphocyte. In contrast, the bioadhesive gel containing nonoxynol-9 attaches to lymphocytes and maintains sufficient contact time to allow the nonoxynol-9 surfactant to disrupt the cell wall, thus eliminating the lymphocyte and killing the vims within. This suggests that the polymer may be useful in the prophylaxis of AIDS and the treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases. 

These include mannitol and sorbitol which act mainly in the proximal tubules to prevent reabsorption of water. These polyhydric alcohols cannot be absorbed and therefore bind a corresponding volume of water. Since body cells lack transport mechanisms for these substances (structure on p.175), they also cannot be absorbed through the intestinal epithelium and thus need to be given by intravenous infusion. The result of osmotic diuresis is a large volume of dilute urine, as in decompensated diabetes melli-tus. Osmotic diuretics are indicated in the prophylaxis of renal hypovolemic failure, the mobilization of brain edema, and the treatment of acute glaucoma attacks (p. 346). 

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic structure, used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. 

Ganciclovir is an acyclic nucleoside analogue of guanine that is structurally similar to acyclovir, but is more effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of severe cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised hosts. Ganciclovir is myelotoxic, but has no significant nephrotoxicity [22]. It does, however, require dose adjustment for patients with reduced kidney function. 

Guidelines for surgical prophylaxis usually are structured according to the affected tissues during an operation. While many different surgical procedures may be performed at any one anatomical site, this... 

Tonkopii, V., Structure and efficiency of carbamates as drugs for prophylaxis against OP poisoning,... 

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