Promising future experiments

Piecing together the observations of thermal processing in protoplanetary disks reveals several promising avenues for future studies. We identify the following topics as those most needed to understand the thermal processing of protoplanetary materials  

D Luhman, K., Liu, M. C. 2008, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 384, 383. 

Armitage, P. J., Livio, M., Pringle, J. E. 2001, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 324, 705. 

Beckett, J. R., Connolly, H. C Ebel, D. S. 2006, in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, ed. D. S. Lauretta H. Y. McSween, University of Arizona Press, 399-429. 

Beckett, J. R Simon, S. B., Stolper, E. 2000, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 

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Recent work suggests that aqueous mixtures of 11 wt.% morpholine and 53 wt.% DGA can react with CO2 up to 50% faster than 65 wt.% DGA and water alone [33]. Furthermore, recent experiments have found it to be one of the most thermally stable amines for CO2 capture with no corrosion effects (compared to over 40 other amines, including MEA, MDEA, and DGA) [34,35]. Although morpholine systems do not appear to be commercialized at present, this could be a promising future solvent. 

The methods we have described for determining Lyapunov exponents and dimension have been developed very recently. These methods and other methods under development promise to provide a quantitative means for characterizing chaos in future experiments on nonequilibrium chemical reactions. 

Dry dense medium (pneumatic fluidized-bed) separation has been used, but has not received wide attention by the industry. An area of promise for future development is the use of magnetically stabilized dense medium beds by using ferro or magnetic fluids (2,10). Laboratory and pilot-scale units such as Magstream are available. In this unit, material is fed into a rotating column of water-based magnetic fluid. Particles experience centtifugal forces and... 

One challenge in applying this approach, which relies on prior estimates of method prediction reliability, is how to deal with differences between future compounds to be tested and the universe of all compounds on which the collected experience of R D process effectiveness has been based. If new active compounds fall within the space previously sampled, then knowledge of chemical properties is just another kind of conditioning within a Bayesian network if they fall outside this space, then the initial model of both outcomes and predictions has an unpredictable error. The use of sampling theory and models of diversity [16] are therefore promising extensions of the above approach. 

The study of multiple pathways leading to a single product channel provides a stringent test of our understanding of the potential energy surface and the calculations that use it to predict reaction outcomes. Although there are not many examples to date of pathway competitions, the increasing prominence of such systems, coupled with advances in experiment and theory that facilitate their study, promises a rich future in this normally hidden facet of reaction mechanisms. 

Desk research consists mainly of reading as much as possible about other people s experiences and recommendations. Read industry publications to find out what is currently in demand and what looks promising for the future, as well as what price ranges are available for various products. If there are one or two people who have published material of particular relevance, then if possible go and speak to them in person. They may say more in person than they will write, or their work may prove to have been derivative, in which case find the original source. Market research reports and trade publications can be obtained from most local libraries. Most broadsheet national and local newspapers report occasionally on the organic food industry, and sometimes it is possible to identify a gap in the market. 

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