Proliferator-activated receptor PPAR -gamma

Peroxisome Proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-GAMMA-2) Insulin Variation of insulin efficacy in the treatment of diabetes (93) Susceptibility to type II diabetes (93)... 

Sundvold H, Lien S 2001 Identification of a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma promoter in man and transactivation by the nuclear receptor RORalphal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287 383-390... 

Mao-Qiang, M., Fowler, A.J., Schmuth, M. et al., Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activation stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, J. Invest. Dermatol., 123, 305, 2004. 

Andersen, O., V.G. Eijsink and M. Thomassen. Multiple variants of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma are expressed in the liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gene 255 411 -418, 2000. 

Christensen KB, Petersen RK, Kristiansen K, Christensen LP (2010) Identifieation of bioactive compounds from flowers of black elder Sambucus nigra L.) that activate the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. Phytother Res 24 (Suppl 2) S129-132. doi 10.1002/ptr.3005... 

Cristiano, F., Bernardo, A., and Ceru, M. P. (2001). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and peroxisomes in rat cortical and cerebellar astrocytes. J. Neurocytol. 30, 671—683. Cullingford, T. E., Bhakoo, K., Peuchen, S., Dolphin, C. T., Patel, R., and Clark, J. B. (1998). Distribution of mRNAs encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, beta, and gamma and the retinoid X receptor alpha, beta, and gamma in rat central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 70, 1366-1375. 

Braissant, O., Foufelle, F., Scotto, C., Dauca, M., and Wahli, W. (1996). Differential Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) Tissue Distribution of PPAR-Alpha, -Beta, and -Gamma in the Adult Rat. Endocrinology 137, 354—366. 

Thiazolidinediones are known to increase insulin sensitivity by stimulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-y). Stimulation of PPAR-y results in a number of intracellular and extracellular changes, including an increased number of insulin receptors, increased insulin receptor sensitivity, decreased plasma fatty acid levels, and an increase in a host of intracellular signaling proteins that enhance glucose uptake. 

PPAR-T, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. 

Mechanism of Action Potent and highly selective agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR(gamma)) which decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and in the liver resulting in increased insulin-dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output. 

Park EY, Cho IJ, Kim SG. Transactivation of the PPAR-responsive enhancer module in chemopreventive glutathione S-transferase gene by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and retinoid X receptor heterodimer. Cancer Res 2004 64 3701-3713. 

Lehmann, J. M., Moore, L. B., Smith-Oliver, T. A., WilJdson, W. O., Willson, T. M., and Kliewer, S. A. (1995). An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12953-12956. 

Murakami, K., Tobe, K., Ide, T., Mochizuki, T., Ohashi, M., Akanuma, Y., Yazaki, Y., and Kadowaki, T. (1998). A novel insulin sensitizer acts as a coligand for peroxisome proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha (PPAR-alpha) and PPAR-Gamma Effect of PPAR-Alpha Activation on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Zucker Fatty Rats. Diabetes AT, 1841-1847. 

LPL M-CSFR MHC MHC-II MMCP MMP NG2 PDGF PPAR RANK Sca-1 SM22 L lipoprotein monocyte - colony stimulation factor receptor myosin heavy chain MHC class II mouse mast cell protease metalloproteinase proteoglycan heparan-sulfate related to pericytes activity platelet-derived growth factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma receptor activator of NF-kappa 3 stem cell antigen 1 smooth cell protein structurally related to calponin, both actin and tropomyosin ligands... 

Improvement of insulin action in T2D subjects must therefore be a primary aim for the normalisation of blood glucose values, mainly in the postprandial state. Normalisation of insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues in T2D has, however, never been the main objective, as we possessed no tools carrying the potential for reaching this objective. However, the recently discovered PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) gamma agonists, namely gUtazones, carry this potential. 

The thiazolidinediones (e.g. rosiglitazone) appear to decrease insulin resistance through activation of gamma-PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor). They are used in type 2 diabetes. 

Thiazolidinediones (Gamma-PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) agonists) Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone... 

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