Projectiles bullets

The other dark facet of chemistry is its provision, improvement, and manufacture of explosives. Here the facet is not entirely black, for explosives are useful in quarrying and mining. The black facet is their use in bombs and in the provision of the impelling force of projectiles bullets, mortars, and the like. Explosives are compounds that when detonated undergo a very... 

Cartridges, whether they are based on a single projectile (bullet) or many (shot), have the same basic architecture (see Figure 1). At the base of the cartridge is a small amount of shock-sensitive chemical mixture this is termed the primer. Above the primer is an explosive mixture, the propellant, with the projectile (bullet or shot) clamped at the top of the cartridge. In the case of shot there may also be wadding material to hold the multiple projectiles separate from the propellant. 

Impacts and Explosives. The coUision of high velocity bullets or other projectiles with soHds causes rapid conversion of kinetic to thermal energy. Plasmas result iacidentaHy, whereas the primary effects of impact are shock and mechanical effects in the target. Impact-produced plasmas are hot enough to cause thermonuclear bum (180). 

Windows in airplanes, trains, and schools commonly use polycarbonate. Exotic appHcations include military use, for example in high speed aircraft canopies, where tests have shown polycarbonate to withstand impact with fowl at Mach 2. Polycarbonate is also used for security appHcations as laminates with glass or other materials. Polycarbonate offers unsurpassed projectile-stopping capabiHty, as the material softens upon impact with a bullet, absorbing the projectile s energy. 

Most laminated safety glarings are glass—PVB—glass tdlayer composites, but bullet- and projectile-resistant laminates. Laminates for other specialty uses maybe made with more than three layers. In addition to glass, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), acryUc, and polycarbonate stmctural components (92) are used in specialty laminated glaring products. 

Polycarbonate It is a tough, transparent plastic that offers resistance to bullets and thrown projectiles in glazing for vehicles, buildings, and security installations. It with stands boiling water, but is less resistant to weather and scratching than acrylics. It is notch-sensitive and has poor solvent resistance in stressed molded products. Use includes coffee makers, food blenders, automobile lenses, safety helmets, lenses, and many nonburning electrical applications. 

Muzzle. The end of the barrel of a gun from which the bullet or projectile emerges Ref OrdTechTerm (1962), 199-R... 

These propints gave very satisfactory performance. They developed a muzzle velocity of 1640 ft/sec and a press of 1750 atm, when used in 84cm field guns with a 600g charge and a 6.7kg projectile. In the 7.5mm rifle, with a 2g charge and a I3.8g bullet, a muzzle velocity of 2035 ft/sec and a press of 2200 atm were attained Refs 1) P.G. Sanford, Nitroexplosives , London (1896), 186-7 2) Daniel (1902), 584... 

Projectile Sensitivity. Andreev Belyaev (Ref 32, p 473) showed that PA packed in wooden crates detonates if impacted by a 4g projectile moving at greater than 40Qm/sec. In the rifle bullet sensitivity test 0% explosions, 60% partials and 40% combustions were observed for PA (Ref 48)... 

The explosives used for military purposes are different from those used in industry. Not only thermo mechanical power for destruction, but also various other characteristics are required. Experimental tests, such as slow cook-off fast cook-off, bullet impact, and sympathetic explosion tests, must be passed to meet the requirements for insensitive munitions (IM). The aerodynamic heating of warheads on flight projectiles is also an important factor in designing warheads. 

NOTE - Conventional bullets can work very well in this item. You can get good velocities by carefully adjusting the propellant/projectile combination. Remember that a normal bullet will be much heavier than the fully modified one. The Soviet derringer previously mentioned i s believed to have been used in the murder of Nicaraguan Contra leader Enrique Bermudez. No one heard the shots fired and they possessed sufficient power to completely penetrate both sides of his skull. If it was used, this demonstrates a very respectable power level. 

Hydrogen Gun.. A gun that shoots bullets at a speed of 4 miles per sec (or even faster) was constructed by E. B. Mayfield of the Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, California. The propellant is liquid hydrogen touched off by an injection of oxygen and the projectiles are smaller than rifle bullets. The prime purpose of this gun is the study of what happens when a projectile moves through air at very high speeds Ref Anon, Ordn 36, (No 191), 780 (1952)... 

We have thus far avoided distinguishing between impact sensitivity, projectile (or bullet) sensitivity and shock sensitivity which also involve impact loading of the test explosive. Shock sensitivity, as the name implies, is the response of an explosive to an externally generated shock. Measurements of shock sensitivity are very reproducible, although many existing measure-... 

Initiation by Bullet Impact is a special case of Initiation by Projectile Impact. See Bullet Tests in Vol 2, pp B332-340 and Vol 4, p D153 also under Projectile Impact below... 

Accdg to MUNIZIONAMENTO ITALIANO (Addnl Ref C), the terms proietto o proiettile are used referring to any heavy object which is fired from a gun and produces a destructive effect at a distance. This object may be solid (like an AP Bullet) or hollow (like HE Projectile) loaded with a bursting charge expl (carica di scoppio) which is detonated by an initiation train... 

Explosive bullets were abandoned during WWII due to the limited quantity of explosive which could be carried in a small arms projectile, as well as the effectiveness of incendiary ammunition which resulted in complete aircraft or vehicle destruction... 

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