Products from cellulose and

Yu EKC, Deschatelets L, Louis-Seize G, Saddler JN. (1985b). Butanediol production from cellulose and hemicellulose by Klebsiella pneumoniae grown in sequential coculture with Trichoderma harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol, 50, 924—929. 

FIGURE 22.1 Possible products from cellulose and hemicellulose fractions (C5 and C6 carbon sugars). 

Cellulose may be solubilised by treatment with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. It can be regenerated by acidification of the solution. This is the basis of the production of regenerated cellulose fibre, so-called viscose rayon , which is a major textile fibre. The technique is also used for the production of continuous cellulose-derived film, so-called cellophane (from cellulose and diaphane , the latter being French for transparent). 

Lignin must be removed during the production of cellulose and paper from wood pulp. This is an expensive operation and produces pollution. Genetic engineering is being used to produce trees with reduced amounts of and more easily extracted lignin. 

Ce Ion Initiation. Initiation of grafting with Ce ions was introduced by Mino et al. 7. The process has been widely studied and even applied to industrial production of cellulose and starch graft copolymers. A mechanism is derived from model experiments with low molecular weight vicinal diols in acid aqueous solution. The first step (22) is OH OH... 

Fig. 10.1 A schematic diagram for biohydrogen production from cellulose/starch containing agricultural wastes and food industry wastewaters...

Chakrabarti, A.C. and Storey, K., Enhanced glucose production from cellulose using coimmobilized cellulase and beta-glucosidase, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., (1989) 22, 3, 263-78. 

The CBH I (D) is identical in composition and activity to the CBH I (D) previously described (2) from T. reesei QM 9123. The close correspondence of their amino acid contents (Table VI), the nearly identical content of neutral carbohydrate 6.8% by weight for the CBH I (D) produced in the presence of sophorose and 6.7% for T. reesei QM 9123 CBH I (D) grown on cellulose (2), and identical electrophoretic properties clearly argue for a common molecular structure for these CBH s I (D). The CBH II is clearly different from all other CBH s in electrophoretic mobility (Figure 12) and amino acid composition (41), but is devoid of endoglucanase activity and produces predominantly cellobiose (>90% by weight of soluble products) from cellulose. It has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.71 in comparison to CBH I (D), for which a value of 3.66 was obtained. 

The objective of another project was to evaluate the level of pollution in water and sediments in Lake Turawskie, a storage reservoir built in the 1930s on the Mala Panew River in southwestern Poland, and then to search for a correlation between the analytical chemical results and the toxicity parameters estimated from the application of biotests. Polluted waters as well as large amounts of polluted sediments enter the reservoir from the Mala Panew and its tributary, the Libawa. Industrial activities in the river basin include silver, zinc, and lead processing plants, steel and glass manufacture, and the production of cellulose and chemicals. Agriculture presents a further potential threat (e.g., fertilizer and pesticide run-off), as does the use of the reservoir s banks for recreational purposes. 

The list of pyrolysis products of cottonwood shown in Table VII (llj reflects the summation of the pyrolysis products of its three major components. The higher yields of acetone, propenal, methanol, acetic acid, CO, water and char from cottonwood, as compared to those obtained from cellulose and xylan, are likely attributed to lignin pyrolysis. Other results are similar to those obtained from the pyrolysis of cell-wall polysaccharides. This further verifies that there is no significant interaction among the three major components during the thermal degradation of wood. 

Schutta, B.D., Serrano, B., Cerro, R.L. and Abraham, M.A. 2002. Production of Chemicals from Cellulose and Biomass-Derived Compounds Through Catalytic Sub-Critical Water Oxidation in a Monolith Reactor. Biom. Bioen., 22, 365-375. 

Zogaj, X., Bokranz, W., Nimtz, M. and Romling, U. (2003) Production of cellulose and curli fimbriae by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Infection Immunology 71,4151-41 58. 

Min K. (1977) Vapor-phase thermal analysis of pyrolysis products from cellulosic materials. Combustion and Flame, 30, 285-94... 

Biomass resources will become more important in the future as alternative chemicals and fuel from fossil resources. Such alternatives can be carbon-neutral and renewable. Therefore, the use of biomass is of benefit for our global environments. The present study has clearly demonstrated a potential of woody biomass resources to be converted into useful chemicals in supercritical water. In addition, the products derived from cellulose and hemicelluloses were effectively separated from lignin-derived products. This raises the possibility of converting whole biomass substrates to alternative chemicals, and provides ample opportunities for human beings to produce useful biomass-based products as chemicals and bio-fuels W ithout using fossil resources... 

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