Captive production

Economic Aspects. Merchant sulfur dioxide is produced by eight North American manufacturers the total was about 410,000 metric tons in 1994 (310,000 in the United States, 90,000 in Canada). The largest producers in the United States are Rhc ne-Poulenc (from sulfur trioxide reduction by sulfur) and Hoechst Celanese. There is also a larger captive production. Growth of merchant sulfur dioxide is projected at 2—3%/yr. The mid-1995 price was 0.25/kg. 

Uses. The dominant use of sulfur dioxide is as a captive intermediate for production of sulfuric acid. There is also substantial captive production in the pulp and paper industry for sulfite pulping, and it is used as an intermediate for on-site production of bleaches, eg, chlorine dioxide or sodium hydrosulfite (see Bleaching agents). There is a substantial merchant market for sulfur dioxide in the paper and pulp industry. Sulfur dioxide is used for the production of chlorine dioxide at the paper (qv) mill site by reduction of sodium chlorate in sulfuric acid solution and also for production of sodium dithionite by the reaction of sodium borohydride with sulfur dioxide (315). This last appHcation was growing rapidly in North America as of the late 1990s. 

Available statistics or market surveys about hydrogen capture the real production volumes only partially, as they usually consider only captive production, i.e., the directly produced hydrogen (e.g., in steam reformers), as for instance in refineries or fertiliser plants.1 Besides this, hydrogen is produced in significant amounts as a by-product from the manufacture of various chemical products, such as chlorine or ethylene, as well as from refinery processes (see also Section 10.9). Where this hydrogen cannot be internally utilised further, for instance for hydrogenation in... 

Competitors Captive production, 1-2 suppliers per product Asian producers... 

Nearly half of the sodium carbonate produced in the U.S.A., whether from synthetic or natural sources, is consumed by the glass industry. A further quarter of the product goes into general chemicals production. The detergent industry, pulp and paper, and water treatment processes each consume somewhat less than 10% of the total. Some industries, such as kraft paper production, produce and consume large quantities of sodium carbonate internally [24]. For this reason, the figures for this captive production by the pulp industry do not appear in the reported consumption data. 

Manufacturers Mostly made as a captive product by Sumitomo Chemicals, Japan. A few Chinese companies here also started manufacture of the product for Fenitrothion. Bayer AG used to be a key player. 

The primary use of nitrobenzene is in the captive production of aniline, with about 97.5% of nitrobenzene production consumed in this process. The major use of aniline is in the manufacture of polyurethanes. Nitrobenzene is also used as a solvent in petroleum refining, in the manufacture of cellulose ethers and acetate, and in Friedel-Crafts reactions to hold the catalyst in solution. It is also used in the synthesis of other organic compounds including acetaminophen, which is an over-the-counter analgesic commonly known as Tylenol . 

The United States total hydrogen production was 3006 billion standard cubic feet in 1996, according to data compiled by SRI Consulting. Of this, captive production accounted for the overwhelming share, including 1211 billion scf for ammonia production, 1120 billion scf for refinery use, 302 billion scf for methanol production, and 117 billion scf for other uses. Merchant production —production for sale to outside customers (such as NASA and the electronics companies) by industrial gas companies such as Air Products and Chemicals and Praxair—accounted for only 255 billion scf of hydrogen, according to SRI. 

Captive production n. Production of materials or components by a manufacturer for its own use or for later incorporation in its products. Compare custom molder. 

An adjustment was made to the shipments data for chlorine and sodium hydroxide as contained in the Census of Manufactures to allow for the large amount of captive production, i.e., production for the internal use of the producer, which takes place in the chlor-alkali industry. The amount of the captive production is reflected in an excess of the production figures in tons over the... 

Urethane acrylates were first utilized in floor tile coatings around 1972. As with polyesters, a large number of compositional variants can be synthesized. There is considerable captive production of these resins as well as a number of commercial offerings. This resin class finds particular utility in plastics applications. 

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