Product quantities, 2-propanol

The nitro alcohols in Table 1 are manufactured in commercial quantities however, three of the five of them are used only for the production of the corresponding amino alcohols. 2-Methyl-2-nitro-l-propanol (NMP) is available as the crystalline soHd or as a mixture with siHcon dioxide. 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is available as the soHd ( 9.15/kg), a 50% solution in water ( 2.33/kg), a 25% solution in water ( 1.41/kg), or as... 

Propjiene [115-07-17, CH2CH=CH2, is perhaps the oldest petrochemical feedstock and is one of the principal light olefins (1) (see Feedstocks). It is used widely as an alkylation (qv) or polymer—ga soline feedstock for octane improvement (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). In addition, large quantities of propylene are used ia plastics as polypropylene, and ia chemicals, eg, acrylonitrile (qv), propylene oxide (qv), 2-propanol, and cumene (qv) (see Olefin POLYMERS,polypropylene Propyl ALCOHOLS). Propylene is produced primarily as a by-product of petroleum (qv) refining and of ethylene (qv) production by steam pyrolysis. 

Acetone is the ketone used in largest quantity and is produced as a by-product of the manufacture of phenol via cumene. Manufacture from iso-propanol is by the reaction ... 

Although nowadays the use of organic solvents such as methylene chloride or chloroform is largely avoided in the production of finished drugs, most pharmaceutical companies still use small quantities of ethanol, 2-propanol, propylene glycol or low-molecular polyethylene glycol copovidone is soluble in practically all proportions in these solvents and in water. Above a certain concentration, the viscosity of the solutions increases (see Section 4.2.3.1). 

The highest propene oxide yields were obtained with both the Ti-SBA-15- and the Ti-silica-supported catalysts, although a higher reaction temperature was needed in comparison to the titania-supported catalyst. The deactivation for these catalysts was also considerably less. At lower temperatures (up to 423 K), all catalysts had an inhibition period for both propene oxide and water formation, which is explained by product adsorption on the support. The side products produced by all catalysts were similar. Primarily, carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde were produced as side products and, in smaller quantities, also propanal, acrolein, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. Propanol (both 1- and 2- as well as propanediol), acetone, carbon monoxide, and methanol were only observed in trace amounts. 

The solvents in pump sprays are limited to alcohol-water mixtures and are, therefore, not as complex as the solvent-propellant mixtures of aerosols. Generally, ethyl alcohol is the primary solvent, and water the secondary solvent. In some cases, small quantities of propanols or even glycols are also used. The solvent and, of course, the pump spray system largely determine the spray characteristics of a given product, and spray characteristics are very important to the functional character of the product [54]. The solvent-propellant systems of today s hydrocarbon aerosol hairsprays used outside the United States generally consist of alcohol combined with hydrocarbons such as isobutene, butane, or propane and virtually no water. For low-VOC systems, dimethyl ether is the propellant of choice. For additional details on aerosol propellants for hairsprays, see the previous discussion on VOC propellants and the article by Root [53].The solvent-propellant in both aerosol and pump sprays contains the VOC and presents the apparent environmental problem. As stated, the CARB regulations for 1999 of 55% VOC present the target that has stimulated research and development in this area. 

Analysis of crude liquid product by glc using modified porous polymer column, programmed from 140-250 C, at 20 cc/min He flow smaller quantities of water, methyl formate, n-propanol, n-butanol and propylene glycol were also detected carbon dioxide and methane are present in the product gas samples along with much larger quantities of unreacted CO/H2. 

In conclusion, CO hydrogenation catalyzed by Ru-Co bimetallic melt catalysis may lead to the formation of four classes of product (a) alcohols, including methanol, ethanol and propanol, (b) esters, mainly methyl acetate and ethyl acetate plus smaller quantities of propyl acetate and propionate esters, (c) acids, acetic acid, and (d) hydrocarbons, methane. 

During the thermal decomposition of phenol-formaldehyde resins, considerable quantities of volatiles (up to 50% of the initial mass) having a rather diverse composition are liberated. At temperatures up to 360 °C one may observe release of considerable quantities of propanols (up to 11% mass), acetone (6.7% mass), propylene (4.0% mass) and butanols (3.0% (mass). The non-volatile products of decomposition at temperatures up to 400 °C cause an increase in the quantity of acetone (17.6% mass) while, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane which are the major products of decomposition also begin to be released. The quantity of non-volatile pyrolysis products (molecular mass about 350) is gradually reduced to about 37% (mass) at elevated temperatures. 

Design and implement an experimental protocol for performing the reaction of Equation 18.8. Because 9-anthraldehyde is relatively expensive, you should plan to carry out the reaction at the microscale level unless instructed to do otherwise. You should be sure that your proposal includes a means to analyze for the possible presence of both isomeric products in the reaction mixture. Appropriate quantities of reagents are 0.97 g of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (4), 0.57 g of 9-anthraldehyde, and 1.5 ml of 50% (by mass) of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Use 2-propanol as the solvent for recrystallizing the crude product. 

With the exception of implications regarding solubility, a feature not yet apparent is any recognized trend in the emissions from sulphur cures with variations in the base polymer. This is not the case with peroxide cures, where the reactivity of the polymer can influence both the quantity and type of emissions. A well-studied example is that of NR which carries an abundance of abstractable allylic hydrogens to favour alcohol formations (eqn (29)). Thus when DTOP (R = Me) is the peroxide, fert-butanol (BP 82°C) is obtained, whilst cumyl alcohol (2-phenyl-2-propanol BP 202°C) is obtained from Dicup (R = Ph). Ketone formation (eqn (30)) competes with hydrogen abstraction and can predominate in the presence of a different polymer emissions from formulations based on EPDM, silicone and a fluoroelastomer have been characterized. Other by-products include alkenes from alcohol dehydration, although numerous other reactions can occur. 

Sterically hindered alcohols react with phosphorus tribromide, but tend to give large quantities of rearranged product. The product mixture obtained from 2,2 dimethyl-l-propanol (neopentyl alcohol) contains 63% l-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 26% 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, and 11 % 2-bromo-3-methylbutane. Explain the origin of the products. Why are sterically hindered alcohols more prone to give rearranged products ... 

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