Processing defects

Post-translational processing defect Trafficking defects of lysosomal enzymes... 

One important function of DUBs is the processing of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins to their mature forms. Ubiquitin is expressed in cells as either linear poly-ubiquitin or N-terminally fused to certain ribosomal proteins [79, 80]. These gene products are processed by DUBs to separate the ubiquitin into monomers and expose the gly-gly motif at the G-terminus. Many DUBs process linear polyubiquitin or Ub-fusion proteins in vitro, but this processing appears to take place cotransla-tionally in vivo and is extremely rapid. This makes analysis difficult and leaves unanswered the question of which DUBs actually perform this function in vivo. Multiple DUBs may be able to perform this processing at a physiologically relevant level since DUB deletions rarely shows processing defects [81]. 

Extrusion processes are often rate limited by motor power or torque, discharge temperature, or the melting capacity of the screw. Other root causes associated with the design of the screw can limit rates as shown in previous sections. The problems, however, are typically associated with other defects such as flow surging or resin degradation. Chapters 11 and 12 discuss process defects associated with resin degradation and flow surging, respectively. Rate limitations due to inadequate motor power and torque are common problems for commercial plants. Two case studies are presented in the next sections that show rate limitations due to the lack of torque and motor power. 

Avoid CMP chemistry that involves multicharged cations. Such chemicals compress the double charge layer and activate slurry agglomeration and process defectivity. Ions such as Al and Fe may initiate agglomeration and scratching at concentrations as low as lO to 10 M. 

Product and/or process defects and/or limitation of inspectional processes... 

Medical condition births) Defective process Defective enzyme Symptoms and effects... 

The possibility of feeding additional reactive material into the reaction zone is a determining factor in processing defect free articles. This is true not only for reactive processing but also for... 

Flow defects, especially as they affect the appearance of a product, play an important role in many processes. Defects can be identified and corrected.3 143 These flow analyses can be related to other processes and even to the rather complex flow of injection molding. 

Seo Y, Kim S, Lee W. Reduction of process defects using a modified set-up for chemical-mechanical polishing. Microelectr Eng 2003 65 371-379. 

Bergo, M.O., et al. (2002). Zmpste24 deficiency in mice causes spontaneous bone fractures, muscle weakness, and a prelamin A processing defect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 13049-13054. 

V, Lindberg I, Ugleholdt R, Holst JJ, Steiner DF. Disruption of 64. PCl/3 expression in mice causes dwarfism and multiple neuroendocrine peptide processing defects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002 99 10293-10298. 65. 

Tadmouri A, Kiyonaka S, Barbado M et al (2012) Cacnb4 directly couples electrical activity to gene expression, a process defective in juvenile epilepsy. EMBO J 31 3730-3744... 

The relative strength of hollow-sphere foams lies between the theoretical performance of open- and closed-cell foams. The performance of optimized truss structures is similar to that of closed-cell foams and, for the Kagome truss, approaches the behavior of a Hashin-Shtrikman porous material. Honeycombs are the most efficient structures when loaded purely out-of-plane. However, plastic buckling can decrease its performance at low relative densities. Further, since honeycomb is highly anisotropic, any inplane loading results in severely reduced performance. Although the theoretical performance of closed-cell foams far exceeds that of open-cell foams, processing defects result in commercially available material that behaves similar to an open-cell material at low relative densities. Commercially available samples of other types of low-density metallic structures behave nearly as predicted. [17]... 

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