Process, SPHER

High gloss antomotive exterior parts are prodnced by thermoforming process. Spher-ulite formation is corrtrolled by addition of a nncleating agent to the paint film. The spheralite size is rednced by the addition of soditrm berrzoate or benzoic acid. ... 

SPHER [Shell Pellet Heat Exchange Retorting] A process for extracting oil from shale. The process is conducted in a fluidized bed in which heat is transferred by inert pellets of two... 

The second formulation strategy includes the pelletization or spher-onization of micronized drug particles (Olsson and Trofast 1998). Weak agglomerates (sometimes referred to as soft pellets) are formed under carefully controlled process conditions (Fig. 8.12) and may consist either... 

Hellen L, Yliruusi. J. Kristoffersson E. Process variables of instant granulator and spher-onizer II size and size distribution of pellets. Int J Pharm 1993 6 205-16. 

The SPHER Energy-Efficient Process for Retorting Oil Shale... 

The purpose of this work was to develop a new retorting process of relatively low capital cost that is mechanically simple, highly reliable, and uses heat efficiently. The process,2/ term SPHER for... 

The SPHER process as originally conceived is shown schematically in Figure 1. This conceptual design produces 55,000 bbl/day (7575 t/dj of raw shale oil from 66,000 ton/day (60,000 t/d) of 35 gal/ton (13.6%w) oil shale. It can be seen that there are two loops for circulation of heat carrying balls. The cool ball loop carries heat from the heat recovery column to the preheater. The hot ball loop carries heat from the ball heater to the retort. 

F, 79°C). Water usage in the SPHER process is, therefore, desirably low. 

Since SPHER represents the application of new regimes of fluidization to shale retorting, there are a number of questions that must be answered and factors that must be quantified. Some have been answered by simple experiments, the results of which would indicate either a "go" or a "no go" on future work, and some factors will eventually require demonstration plant operation under design conditions to prove the process. Factors of primary concern are discussed below. 

Heat Transfer Rates. Process evaluations have used a rate coefficient of 90 Btu/sq ft/hr °F (0.51 kw/m2/°C), based upon the surface area of the balls. Literature data on transfer from fluidized beds to submerged objects indicate that even higher rates have been achieved, but these high rates are functions of bed density and the size of the fluidized particles. Data directly applicable to the SPHER system are required for final evaluations and designs. 

Staging. Efficient use of heat and, to a lesser extent retorting yield, require some countercurrent staging to achieve the economic advantages expected for the SPHER process. About six stages are desired for the preheater, four in the heat recovery section and two or three stages may be desired in the retort. 

As with most newly conceived processes there is considerable development work to be done before SPHER is a mature process. This... 

Commercial plants Spher/po/technology is used for about 40% of the total global PP capacity. There are more than 100 Spheripol process plants licensed or operating worldwide with total capacity of about 21 million tpy. Single-line design capacity is available in a range from 40,000 tpy to 550,000 tpy. 

Fielden KE, Newton JM, Rowe RC. The influence of lactose particle size on the spher-onization of extrudate processed by a ram extruder. lut J Pharm 1992 81 205-224. 

Ramachandran CS, Balasubramanian V, Ananthapadmanabhan PV. Synthesis, spher-oidization and spray deposition of lanthanum zirconate using thermal plasma process. Surface Coatings Technology. 2012 206 3017-3035. 

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