Low-temperature processes

Either a liquid or a gas-phase process is used for the alkylation reaction. In the liquid-phase process, low temperatures and pressures (approximately 50°C and 5 atmospheres ) are used with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. 

Use Nondrying emulsifying agent solvent plasticizer in polishes in cosmetics in textile, paper, and leather processing low-temperature lubricant. Stabilizes latex paints against breakdown due to repeated freeze-thaws. 

Comparisons of published results suggest that capacitive sensing is as good or better than alternative techniques, including tunnelling, piezoresistive, and piezoelectric interfaces [2], Other attractive features of capacitive interfaces include compatibility with many sensor fabrication processes, low temperature coefficient, and low power dissipation. 

The low-temperature systems heat the contaminated material to increase the rate of contaminant volatilization and cause the organics to partition to the vapor phase. The general sequence of steps for low-temperature thermal treatment is shown in Figure 11.1. For explosives contaminants, the removal mechanism will be a combination of decomposition and volatilization. The organic-laden off-gas stream is collected and processed. Low-temperature systems have been demonstrated for remediation of soil contaminated with a variety of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds. 

The hexafluorides of tungsten, osmium and iridium all undergo solid-solid transitions at or a little below 0°C. The process / (low-temperature form)— a(high-temperature form) is endothermic in each case ... 

There has been no systematic study of the Reformatsky reaction of conjugated enones under conditions where both 1,2- and 1,4-products could be determined. In general, only 1,2-addition products are obtained with a-bromoacetates. However, in one favorable case, exclusive 1,4-addition was observed (equation 23). Reactions with a-bromoisobutyrates commonly give 1,4-addition products. It is not known whether these are the result of a kinetically or thermodynamically controlled process. Low temperature reactions of conjugated enones with preformed Reformatsky reagents of a-bromoisobutyrates, conditions most favorable for a kinetically controlled process, have apparently never been reported. 

We have investigated in detail the parameters affecting the continuous y-radiolysis of concentrated solutions (intensity, pH, 02, scavengers, etc.). Transients were investigated by pulsed electron beam radiolysis and kinetic spectroscopy, and the reactions of the optically accessible excited states of nitrate were investigated by conventional photolysis. This paper represents a survey of our recent results which, taken in conjunction with the work of others, allows the construction of a model whereby the main features of this system may be understood and may even be predicted. Literature review is necessarily selective for the present purpose (because of doubtful relevance to liquid state processes, low temperature radiolysis, and hence ESR work has been omitted from... 

The first picosecond study on a biological molecule was centered on the kinetics of the primary intermediate, bathorhodopsin during the visual transduction process. Low-temperature experiments had established the presence of an intermediate species referred to as bathorhodopsin, which seemed to be quite stable at low temperatures, 77 K and 7 K. However, because of its ultrafast formation time constant at room temperature, it could not be measured before the development of picosecond spectroscopy. It was established however that the first intermediate bathorhodopsin decayed, at room temperature, into a second intermediate lumirhodopsin then to two other species called metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II. Eventually, at some point, the chromophore isomerizes. " The intermediate at which the isomerization occurs is not known or at least unequivocally agreed upon. The recent picosecond... 

FT Process Low Temperature (LTFT) High Temperature (HTFT)... 

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