Process evaluation reactor

The RSST can rapidly and safely determine the potential for runaway reactions. It also measures the temperature rates and, in the case of gassy reactions, pressure increases to allow reliable determinations of the energy and gas release rates. This information is combined with analytical tools to evaluate reactor vent size requirements. This is extremely useful when screening a large number of different chemicals and processes. 

Molten-Tin Process for Reactor Fuels (16). Liquid tin is being evaluated as a reaction medium for the processing of thorium- and uranium-based oxide, carbide, and metal fuels. The process is based on the carbothermic reduction of UO2 > nitriding of uranium and fission product elements, and a mechanical separation of the actinide nitrides from the molten tin. Volatile fission products can be removed during the head-end steps and by distilling off a small portion of the tin. The heavier actinide nitrides are expected to sink to the bottom of the tin bath. Lighter fission product nitrides should float to the top. Other fission products may remain in solution or form compounds with... 

De Falco M, Basile A, Gallucci F (2010) Solar membrane natural gas steam reforming process evaluation of reactor performance. Asia Pacific J Chem Eng Memb React 5 179-190... 

To evaluate the potential of carbon formation in a steam reformer, it is therefore essential to have a rigorous computer model, which contains kinetic models for the process side (reactor), as well as heat transfer models for the combustion side (furnace). The process and combustion models must be coupled together to accurately calculate the process composition, pressure, and temperature profiles, which result from the complex interaction between reaction kinetics and heat transfer. There may also be a temperature difference between bulk fluid, catalyst surface, and catalyst interior. Lee and Luss (7) have derived formulas for this temperature difference in terms of directly observable quantities The Weisz modulus and the effective Sherwood and Nusselt numbers based on external values (8). 

The first step in evaluating the flowsheet decomposition is to evaluate each potential module. Rule 2 indicates that the modules with the reactor unit should be evaluated first for the HAD process. Potential reactor modules are shown in Figure 1. 

Catal ic reactor is the heart of catal3h ic activity evaluation device, which is considered as the center to organize the experimental process. The reactor is controlled by external conditions, such as the supply of raw materials, analysis and the measurement, preheating or (and) the pressurized device and so on. After reaction, it needs the means of separation, measurement and analysis to provide necessary flow and concentration data of reaction mixture to determine and to calculate the activity, and selectivity of catalysts. At present, the most commonly used device in the evaluation of catalysts is tubular reactor. Here, the high-pressure experimental device of ammonia synthesis catalyst is taken as an example. 

Ammonia converter is the key equipment of the ammonia plant. In the process, the synthesis reaction must be carried out, as much as possible, close to the optimum reaction temperature of catalyst to achieve bigger productivity and higher synthesis rate. It should also strive to reduce the pressure drop of the converter, so as to reduce the power consumption of the recycle gas. In the structure, it should strive to be simple and reliable to meet the demand of high-temperature and high-pressm e. These are the basic principles for designing ammonia converter and one of the symbols for evaluating reactor quality. 

For further evaluation of the process, the reactor model was incorporated in a flowsheet calculation routine executed with the standard flowsheet simulation program TISFIX). TISFLO is a component of TIS (Technological Information System), a system developed by DSM (5,6) for executing chemical process calculations. The flowsheet model on which the calculations were carried out is illustrated in fig. 1. Tlie flowsheet say comprise either one reactor or several reactors connected in series. 

Tepermeister 1, Smith J, Streit J, Oldenborg R, Finch F, Danen W, et al. Methane to methanol reactor design and process evaluation. (LA-11396-MS. DE89 003381). 

The CRP has generally achieved its objectives. The progranune has contributed in the application ofPCs for on-line data acquisition and processing and for evaluating reactor performance. The following benefits were achieved by data analysis for reactor performance evaluation in the CRP projects ... 

The staff reviewed OPS-SAM-890008, "Reactor Restart Operational Readiness Review Plan" (Reference 1) OPS-SAM-890009, "Reactor Restart Operational Readiness Review Procedure" (Reference 2) and supporting documents to determine the effectiveness of the ORR process to determine the reactor readiness to operate. DOE approved the plan and procedure in June 1990. The staff also reviewed ESH-RSE-90072, "Reactor Operational Readiness Evaluation Plan" (Reference 3), and WSRC-Q4, RSES 203, "K-Reactor Operational Readiness Evaluation Procedure" (Reference 4), which performs an independent evaluation of the ORR process. The Reactor Safety Evaluation Section s (RSES)... 

Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor. In a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), reactants and products are continuously added and withdrawn. In practice, mechanical or hydrauHc agitation is required to achieve uniform composition and temperature, a choice strongly influenced by process considerations, ie, multiple specialty product requirements and mechanical seal pressure limitations. The CSTR is the idealized opposite of the weU-stirred batch and tubular plug-flow reactors. Analysis of selected combinations of these reactor types can be useful in quantitatively evaluating more complex gas-, Hquid-, and soHd-flow behaviors. 

Pure zirconium tetrachloride is obtained by the fractional distillation of the anhydrous tetrachlorides in a high pressure system (58). Commercial operation of the fractional distillation process in a batch mode was proposed by Ishizuka Research Institute (59). The mixed tetrachlorides are heated above 437°C, the triple point of zirconium tetrachloride. AH of the hafnium tetrachloride and some of the zirconium tetrachloride are distiUed, leaving pure zirconium tetrachloride. The innovative aspect of this operation is the use of a double-sheU reactor. The autogenous pressure of 3—4.5 MPa (30—45 atm) inside the heated reactor is balanced by the nitrogen pressure contained in the cold outer reactor (60). However, previous evaluation in the former USSR of the binary distiUation process (61) has cast doubt on the feasibHity of also producing zirconium-free hafnium tetrachloride by this method because of the limited range of operating temperature imposed by the smaH difference in temperature between the triple point, 433°C, and critical temperature, 453°C, a hafnium tetrachloride. 

Product Recovery. Comparison of the electrochemical cell to a chemical reactor shows the electrochemical cell to have two general features that impact product recovery. CeU product is usuaUy Uquid, can be aqueous, and is likely to contain electrolyte. In addition, there is a second product from the counter electrode, even if this is only a gas. Electrolyte conservation and purity are usual requirements. Because product separation from the starting material may be difficult, use of reaction to completion is desirable ceUs would be mn batch or plug flow. The water balance over the whole flow sheet needs to be considered, especiaUy for divided ceUs where membranes transport a number of moles of water per Earaday. At the inception of a proposed electroorganic process, the product recovery and refining should be included in the evaluation to determine tme viabUity. Thus early ceU work needs to be carried out with the preferred electrolyte/solvent and conversion. The economic aspects of product recovery strategies have been discussed (89). Some process flow sheets are also available (61). 

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