Process equipment receiving

The protection of any part of a container, piping, or item of processing equipment receiving direct flame contact. This is most effectively accomplished with a very narrow spray pattern or even a straight stream directed at the point of flame contact. 

Steam traps are integral and important units in a process. Their design calls for the same analysis that other process equipment receives. There is less literature available on steam traps than for other equipment, but the References chapter lists several references that contain important information concerning... 

Fig. 3. Solvent-processing equipment using partial condenser. Level a on the water overflow line to the receiver should be about 3 cm below level b on the solvent-return line. Dimension b—c must be great enough to overcome pressure drop in the vapor piping, condenser, solvent piping, and rotameter. In a 4 m (1000-gaI) ketde, dimension b—c would be at least 1.25 m. The volume of the piping described by the dimension c—d—e should contain twice the volume of dimension b—c, thus providing an adequate Hquid seal against normal ketde operating pressures.

Batch distillation equipment can range from a free-standing column with a reboiler, condenser, receiver, and vacuum system, to the use of a jacketed reactor with a condenser. Distillation often involves the generation of combustible vapors in the process equipment. This necessitates the containment of the vapor within the equipment, and the exclusion of air from the equipment, to prevent the formation of combustible mixtures that could lead to fire or explosion. 

All three types of material have now been available for some years and it is probably also true that none have yet realised their early promise. In the case of the thermoplastic elastomers most of the commercial materials have received brief mention in earlier chapters, and when preparing earlier editions of this book the author was of the opinion that such materials were more correctly the subject of a book on rubbery materials. However, not only are these materials processed on more or less standard thermoplastics processing equipment, but they have also become established in applications more in competition with conventional thermoplastics rather than with rubbers. 

Used to present the heat and material balance of a process. This may be in broad block form with specific key points delineated, or in more detailed form identifying essentially every flow, temperature and pressure for each basic piece of process equipment or processing step. This may and usually does include auxiliary services to the process, such as steam, water, air, fuel gas, refrigeration, circulating oil, etc. This type of sheet is not necessarily distributed to the same groups as would receive and need the piping flowsheet described next, because it may contain detailed confidential process data. 

Scale Up of Process. The scale up of fluidized bed coating processes has received little attention in the literature. Current practices in the pharmaceutical industry are reviewed by Mehta (1988). The basic approach described by Mehta (1988) is to scale the airflow and liquid spray rates based on the cross-sectional area for gas flow. This seems reasonable except for the fact that in the scaling of the equipment, the height of the bed increases with increasing batch size. For this reason, a time scale factor is also required. 

JPT). The transfer of processing equipment, manufacturing systems and analytical methodology was initiated. The initial process characterisation and trial batches were executed at receiving site and effectiveness assessed again using the comparability matrix and the demonstration batches were successfully completed, versus pre-defined acceptance criteria, within a predefined 12-month time frame. 

Properly designed process equipment, taking Into account all the marine vessel motions, Is essential to ensure process quality specifications are met and onstream time 1s maximized. The motions of tankers and semisubmerslbles are most severe and consequently the design of the process equipment for these applications has received the most attention. However, the technology can be utilized to Improve the performance of process equipment on structures such as guyed towers and tension leg platforms which only move 1n one plane and generally with lower amplitudes. 

As with chemical weapons ingredients, the chemical equipment needed to make chemical warfare agents is commercially available just about anywhere. Certainly, to set up a full-scale poison gas production line, terrorists would need reactors and agitators, chemical storage tanks, containers, receivers, condensers for temperature control, distillation columns to separate chemical compounds, valves and pumps to move chemicals between reactors and other containers. Additionally, ideally the equipment would be corrosion-resistant. For a full-scale mustard gas production plant the price tag would be between 2.5 and 5 million. Approximately 10 million would be required to set up a plant to manufacture tabun, sarin or soman.47 Terrorists, however, can be assumed to forego the scale and the safety precautions that most governments would consider essential for a weapons programme. In fact, standard process equipment or a laboratory set-up of beakers and... 

Pure component physical property data for the five species in our simulation of the HDA process were obtained from Chemical Engineering (1975) (liquid densities, heat capacities, vapor pressures, etc.). Vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior was assumed to be ideal. Much of the flowsheet and equipment design information was extracted from Douglas (1988). We have also determined certain design and control variables (e.g., column feed locations, temperature control trays, overhead receiver and column base liquid holdups.) that are not specified by Douglas. Tables 10.1 to 10.4 contain data for selected process streams. These data come from our TMODS dynamic simulation and not from a commercial steady-state simulation package. The corresponding stream numbers are shown in Fig. 10.1. In our simulation, the stabilizer column is modeled as a component splitter and tank. A heater is used to raise the temperature of the liquid feed stream to the product column. Table 10.5 presents equipment data and Table 10.6 compiles the heat transfer rates within process equipment. 

Word processing equipment is very useful for maintaining and providing this information, as well as for recording and retrieving those who received it. It may be noted that the sheet contains more than occupational safety data. It includes spill response and TOSCA data as well. It is evolving into a safety and regulatory data sheet. 

Qualification of equipment—The qualification of BPC process equipment including reaction vessels, receivers, crystallizers, centrifuges, dryers, filters, distillation columns, solvent distribution systems, etc. is a well-defined activity. While this equipment is somewhat different in design and operating features, than the dosage form equipment that has been the subject of the majority of papers on the subject, the same general principles apply. Reaction vessels, receivers, and crystallizers differ only minimally from formulation and water for injection tanks. Some BPC dryers are identical to those utilized in tablet departments. Solvent distribution systems are piping systems and may resemble WFI distribution systems. Some pieces of equipment such as distillation columns... 

However, the direct measurement of carbon-13 is clearly preferable. The basic problem was that, compared with proton NMR, the sensitivity of C-NMR was lower by a factor of about 6000, but this was overcome with the introduction of Fourier transform NMR [127]. Conventional frequency NMR is extremely inefficient since only one frequency is observed at any given instant. However, using a short pulse radiofrequency, all the nuclei in a sample can be excited simultaneously. The absorption of individual frequency components by each nucleus are detected by the receiver and these are abstracted by Fourier transformation using data acquisition and processing equipment. The use of C-NMR as a tracer, especially in biosynthetic studies, has now become a very versatile tool. Not only can the ultimate fate of carbon-13 be determined, but unlike its radioactive counterpart, carbon-14, the location of the label and the molecular structure can often be assigned without the necessity for degradation of a complex compound. As a cross check, the level of carbon-13 incorporation may frequently be confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis. 

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