Process Efficiency Metrics

Several other metrics include effective mass yield, atom economy, mass intensity, mass productivity, and reaction mass efficiency, which are defined by Equations 3.2-3.6. 

A Life Cycle Inventory/Assessment (LCI/A) is used to determine the overall amounts of materials used, waste generated, and energy used during the manufacture of solvents, their use in pharmaceutical processes, and their eventual disposal. Many processes today are designed with an emphasis on solvent recovery to help reduce the costs associated with purchasing fresh solvent and waste 

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There is growing interest by investors to invest in firms and funds that reflect the investors own social values. These funds are tending to focus on the more immediate sustainability factors such as carbon footprint, energy efficiency, and environmental performance. As analysts become more familiar with process safety metrics— and those metrics are demonstrated to be useful predictors of a company s future safety performance—it is reasonable that a similar value could be placed on firms that are demonstrating their commitment to process safety as a separate factor or process safety as an element of other social values. Such demonstrated commitment to safety performance should also provide additional information, above and beyond financial information, on which the analyst can assess the overall risk of a firm or facility. 

In the today s economic and social environment, Chemical Process Industries are asked to discover innovative solutions that are not only economically efficient, but also sustainable. Production-integrated environmental protection implies that ecological issues are included in the conceptual design methodology. Besides economic efficiency, metrics for ecological and sustainability performance must be included in assessing the quality of a design solution. 

For systems like a production machine, the minimum work required for the corresponding process can be employed to identify the efficiency of the process (Gutowski and Sekulic 2011). Comparison between this theoretical energy with the real required energy serves as energy efficiency metric of the process. 

L. Werner, A. Machara, B. Sullivan, 1. Carrera, M. Moser, D.R. Adams, T. Hudlicky, 1. Andraos, Several generations of chemoenzymatic synthesis of oseltamivir (tamiflu) evolution of strategy, quest for a process-quality synthesis, and evaluation of efficiency metrics, 1. Org. Chem. 76 (2011) 10050-10067. 

Mill Tailings. Recovery efficiency in ore processing is not 100%. Accumulated mill tailings contain tens of thousands of metric tons of uranium. Whereas improved techniques have been employed to recover some of this uranium, the recovery rate is still generally low, approximately 35—50%, owing to metallurgical problems and economic considerations (33). 

A key factor in determining an ROI on the basis of increased efficiencies is to be able to apply metrics to the existing processes commonly this requires measurement of the process before the implementation of a new system and then a corresponding measurement of the process after implementation. In the case of ELN systems, this information can also be supplemented through the use of the ELN database itself, for example, by looking at the number of completed experiments created per scientist per week. These data can then be compared with an historical analysis of data from paper notebook archives on scientific productivity by similar groups. 

C04-0110. Pyrite (FeS2) reacts with excess molecular oxygen to give iron(ni) oxide and SO2. If the extraction process is 85% efficient, what mass of iron(III) oxide can be formed in the processing of 175 metric tons of ore that contains 55% iron p rite by mass ... 

C04-0111. The element titanium is commonly found as the ore ilmenite, F eTi03. Much of the world reserves of titanium is found in Canada. At a particular mine, a sample of earth was found to contain 15% ilmenite by mass. What mass of pure titanium metal can be isolated from 1.00 x 10 metric tons of earth, if the extraction process is 95% efficient ... 

The earher the information on resource efficiency is used in synthesis design, the more efficient process development wiU be. Therefore, appropriate metrics are initially applied to a choice of literature protocols and prehminary experimental data. As knowledge about the process increases, for example, during scale up, it is successively fed into the mass balance. In addition, environmental impacts associated with the mass balance can be evaluated. 

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