Procambarus

Crop rotations are important in rice, especially where weedy/red rice is problematic and difficult to control during rice cropping seasons. In order to suppress weedy rice, nearly all rice in Louisiana is grown either in a 1 1 rotation with soybean or a 1 1 1 rotation where crawfish (Procambarus clarkia) are double-cropped following rice, with soybean produced the following season [34]. In 2012, greater than 70% of Arkansas rice was produced in rotation with soybean, with most of the remaining production in a rice-rice rotation [39]. In California, approximately 70% of rice is produced in a rice-fallow or rice-rice rotation [40],... 

Faria M, Huertas D, SotoDX, Grimalt JO, Catalan J, Riva MC, Barata C (2010) Contaminant accumulation and multi-biomarker responses in field collected zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), to evaluate toxicological effects of industrial hazardous dumps in the Ebro river (NE Spain). Chemosphere 78(3) 232-240... 

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a crustacean native to the South-central United States and Northern Mexico. It has been introduced in all continents except Australia and Antarctica, thus becoming the most widely distributed crayfish all over the world [52]. Procambarus clarkii is an omnivorous species, feeding mainly on... 

Huner JV (2002) Procambarus. In Holdich DM (ed) Biology of freshwater crayfish. Iowa State University Press - A Blackwell Science Company, Ames (IA), pp 541-584... 

Sanchez Lopez FJ, Garcia MDG, Martinez Vidal JL, Aguilera PA, Frenich AG (2004) Assessment of metal contamination in Donana National Park (Spain) using crayfish (Procam-burus [Procambarus] clarkii). Environ Monit Assess 93 17-29... 

Species names Bg, Barbus graelsii Cc, Cyprinus carpio Cf, Corbicula fluminea Dm, Daphnia magna Dp, Dreissena polymorpha Pc, Procambarus clarkii... 

In the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), toxicity of copper at high concentrations is due to the coagulatory action on cellular proteins and to interference with respiratory processes at low concentrations, copper causes degenerative changes in certain tissues and interferes with glutathione equilibrium (Hubschman 1967). Larvae of the red crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) exposed to copper as embryos are less sensitive than those exposed after hatching, suggesting acclimatization (Rice and Harrison 1983). 

Cheah, M-L., J.W. Avault, Jr., and J.B. Graves. 1980. Acute toxicity of selected rice pesticides to crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Prog. Fish-Cult. 42 169-172. 

Coulon, D.P. 1982. Toxicity of Ambush and Pydrin to Red Crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque in Laboratory and Field Studies and the Accumulation and Dissipation of Associated Residues. Ph.D. dissertation. Louisiana State University. 99 pp. 

Eversole 1980). It is probable that bioavailable concentrations from the water in each test did not exceed 1.0 pg/L. However, delayed mortality frequently occurs for extended periods after exposure, and the potential for adverse effects at the population level remains high (NAS 1978). Latent biocidal properties of mirex were documented for hsh (Van Valin et al. 1968 Koenig 1977) and crustaceans (Ludke et al. 1971 Hyde 1972 Cripe and Livingston 1977). Crustaceans were the most sensitive group examined. For example, the crayfish (Procambarus blandingi) immersed in nominal concentrations of 0.1 to 5.0 pg mirex/L for periods of 6 to 144 h died 5 to 10 days after initial exposure (Ludke et al. 1971). Immature crayfish were more sensitive than adults, and mortality patterns were similar when mirex was administered in the water or in baits (Ludke et al. 1971). 

Ludke, J.L., M.T. Finley, and C. Lusk. 1971. Toxicity of mirex to crayfish, Procambarus blandingi. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6 89-96. 

Minchew, C.D., R.N. Hunsinger, and R.C. Giles. 1980. Tissue distribution of mirex in adult crayfish (Procambarus clarki). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 522-526. 

Muncy, R.J. and A.D. Oliver. 1963. Toxicity of ten insecticides to the red crawfish, Procambarus clarki (Girard). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 92 428-431. 

Leung, T.S., S.M. Naqvi, and N.Z. Naqvi. 1980. Paraquat toxicity to Louisiana crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 465-469. 

Lott HM, Barker SA. 1993. Extraction and gas chromatographic screening of 14 chlorinated pesticides in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) hepatopancreas. J AOAC International 76 663-668. 

J.J. Negro and J. Garrido-Fernandez, Astaxanthin is the major carotenoid in tissues of white storks (Ciconia ciconia) feeding on introduced crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B 126 (2000) 347-352. 

---