Principles of Resistance

A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species. 

Resistance arises through the overuse or misuse of an insecticide or acaricide against a pest species and results in the selection of resistant forms of the pest and the consequent evolution of populations that are resistant to that insecticide or acaricide. 

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Using the concept of the one-dimensional series of diffusion resistances, and regarding the principle of resistance additivity [1 0,46-53], the overall mass transfer coefficients or permeability coefficients [58,77] Kp on the feed side and Xr on the strip side are related to the individual films (including membrane barrier) mass transfer coefficients, k ... 

Based on the principle of resistance additivity, the total overall mass-transfer coefficient, of every solute passing through the separation system, is related to the overall mass-transfer coefficients on the feed and strip sides as follows ... 

Based on the principle of resistance additivity [6, 37-40], the overall mass-transfer coefficients from the feed to the carrier phases, Ap/p, and from the carrier to the strip phases, Kp/p, can be determined as... 

Fig. 10.1-6 Principle of resistance drying left) and of high-frequency drying rigfit)...

The principle of resistance measurement involves a dc Wheatstone bridge, as in the sketch of Fig. 4.6. The calculations show how the lead resistances, Rq and R, can be eliminated in precision thermometry by performing two measurements (a and b) with reversed leads connected to the bridge circuit. The measured resistances are represented by Rq, the unknown resistance by Rx-... 

Principle of resistance to change The greater the departure of planned changes from the accepted ways, the greater the potential resistance by the people involved. 

The aperture impedance principle of blood cell counting and sizing, also called the Coulter principle (5), exploits the high electrical resistivity of blood cell membranes. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets can all be counted. In the aperture impedance method, blood cells are first diluted and suspended ia an electrolytic medium, then drawn through a narrow orifice (aperture) separating two electrodes (Fig. 1). In the simplest form of the method, a d-c current flows between the electrodes, which are held at different electrical potentials. The resistive cells reduce the current as the cells pass through the aperture, and the current drop is sensed as a change in the aperture resistance. 

In either equation, /c is given by Eq. (16-84) for parallel pore and surface diffusion or by Eq. (16-85) for a bidispersed particle. For nearly linear isotherms (0.7 < R < 1.5), the same linear addition of resistance can be used as a good approximation to predict the adsorption behavior of packed beds, since solutions for all mechanisms are nearly identical. With a highly favorable isotherm (R 0), however, the rate at each point is controlled by the resistance that is locally greater, and the principle of additivity of resistances breaks down. For approximate calculations with intermediate values of R, an overall transport parameter for use with the LDF approximation can be calculated from the following relationship for sohd diffusion and film resistance in series... 

The permeability relative to a pure liquid, usually water, may be determined with the help of different devices that operate on the principle of measurement of filtrate volume obtained over a definite time interval at known pressure drop and filtration area. The permeability is usually expressed in terms of the hydraulic resistance of the filter medium. This value is found from ... 

GPa) and the relative elongation at break (%). The first of the indices characterizes the resistance of the fiber to deformation under the affect of the acting force and determines the value of the tensile strength causing the formation of the unitary relative elongation (e). The modulus E characterizes the susceptibility of the fiber to deform based on the principle of inverse proportionality. The other parameter, i.e., 6, characterizes the maximum ability of the fiber to deform under the effect of the acting tensile force. 

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