Principle of the Critical Few

These few critical items should receive maximum safety control and attention to minimize their potential for causing the majority of problems. 

Past Safety Experience Predicts Future Experience Principee 

An organization s past safety experience and efforts tend to predict the safety effort and experience of the future. Attempts to get near miss incidents reported have more than likely failed in the past and, if a direct effort and full commitment is not made, may well fail in the future. 

Safety management normally experiences more resistance than any other aspect of an organization s business. The safety culture that is embedded in the organization tends to prevail in the future. Safety attitudes and behaviors experienced in the past tend to be carried over to the future. These can only be changed with a deep, ongoing, and concerted effort to make the near miss incident systan work. 

The principle of the critical few states that a small number of basic causes could give rise to the majority of safety problems. A few critical tasks could be responsible for the majority of accidents and injuries occurring, and these items (aitical safety elements) should receive maximum safety control to minimize their potential for causing (the majority) of problems. 

Pre-contact control is directing the safety efforts toward controlling these crucial areas before a loss occurs. Most safety systems are reactive and only institute controls after a loss has occurred. This is termed post-contact control—firefighting, patch prevention, or treating the symptom and not the cause. This is the main course of action in a reactive safety culture. 

In implementing safety culture change management one should also focus on those safety activities (elements) that have the potential to bring about the biggest culture change with the least amount of effort. 

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Based on the safety management principle of the critical few, the top 20 percent of near misses could hold the potential for 80 percent of the potential accidental losses. 

Principle of the critical few In any given group of occurrences, a small number of causes will tend to give rise to the largest proportion of results. 

In principle, nucleation should occur for any supersaturation given enough time. The critical supersaturation ratio is often defined in terms of the condition needed to observe nucleation on a convenient time scale. As illustrated in Table IX-1, the nucleation rate changes so rapidly with degree of supersaturation that, fortunately, even a few powers of 10 error in the preexponential term make little difference. There has been some controversy surrounding the preexponential term and some detailed analyses are available [33-35]. 

The main problem in Eas0 vs. correlations is that the two experimental quantities are as a rule measured in different laboratories with different techniques. In view of the sensitivity of both parameters to the surface state of the metal, their uncertainties can in principle result of the same order of magnitude as AX between two metals. On the other hand, it is rare that the same laboratory is equipped for measuring both single-crystal face is not followed by a check of its perfection by means of appropriate spectroscopic techniques. In these cases we actually have nominal single-crystal faces. This is probably the reason for the observation of some discrepancies between differently prepared samples with the same nominal surface structure. Fortunately, there have been a few cases in which both Ea=0 and 0 have been measured in the same laboratory these will be examined later. Such measurements have enabled the resolution of controversies that have long persisted because of the basic criticism of Eazm0 vs. 0 plots. 

The most common criticism of whole-cell MALDI is that the method requires a relatively large number of cells, usually obtained directly from culture media. In principle, an analysis of even a few unknown bacteria (a colony-forming unit) is possible after a culture step. More important is the number of bacteria needed in a sample or on the sample probe for successful analysis. Detection of a very small number of bacteria could eliminate the need for a preliminary culture step. This would be a considerable asset for environmental analysis (unless to many bacteria were detected) and for the detection of a bioterrorism-related release of bacteria. 

In supercritical fluid chromatography, fluids above their critical point are used as mobile phases. This chapter discusses the principles of operation, mobile phase considerations, parameters that can be adjusted in method development as well as an overview of instrumentation required and a few pertinent examples from current literature. Not everything can be illustrated, but the advantages of this diverse technology will be highlighted. 

Phase II studies encompass a detailed assessment of the compound s safety and efficacy in a larger patient population (a few-to-several hundreds of patients). It is important that any formulation selected for these studies must be based on sound biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical technology principles. Phase III clinical studies, also referred to as pivotal studies, involve several thousands of patients in multiple clinical centers, which are often in multiple countries. The aim of these studies is to demonstrate long-term efficacy and safety of the drug. Since these studies are vital in the approval of the drug, the dosage form plays a very critical role. 

Portfolio management concepts have been an accepted component of the financial services realm for decades, and the need to diversify risk continues to be an effective organizing principle for many financial instruments and analytic techniques. Risk assessment is also a key component in the pharmaceutical world, where as few as 1 in 5000 laboratory-tested compounds ever makes it to the market. As such, the pipeline portfolio is a critical indicator of the future of a pharmaceutical firm, and the process of analyzing and managing it effectively is of vital strategic importance. 

In the first part of this contribution the general principle of multiple frequency selective excitation is explained, followed by a short presentation of correspondingly updated selective ID and 2D pulse sequences and by a few applications and results for demonstration. The contribution concludes with a critical discussion of advantages and limitations for this kind of experiments and the perspectives for further developments. Readers interested in a more detailed description and in experimental details such as spectrometer settings are referred to the corresponding publications [2-6]. 

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