Principle of continuity

B2.5.4.3 THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUOUS DETECTION WITH UNCERTAINTY-LIMITED TIME AND FREQUENCY RESOLUTION... 

PSM buiids on what is in piace, and seeks to integrate safety issues into ongoing business operations"as opposed to imposing an eiaborate exter-nai structure. The goais of PSM are process-oriented, not procedure-driven, and reflect the Total Quality Management principle of continuous improvement. 

The critical section of the circuit (Figure 5.3) is where there is no liquid refrigerant left to help move the oil, i.e. the evaporator outlet and the suction pipe back to the compressor. Entrainment velocities of 5-7 m/ s are required to ensure that oil droplets will be carried back by the dry refrigerant gas to the compressor. The principle of continuous fluid velocity means that the evaporator will be in a continuous circuit. This does not imply that it has to be one pipe, since many pipes may be arranged in parallel to get the required heat transfer surface, providing the minimum velocity criteria are met. 

This wording may be considered as duplication, because one can hardly think of continuous titration without automation however, the intention is simply to stress its character as an alternative to automated discontinuous titrations. The principle of continuous titration can be illustrated best by Fig. 5.151 it applies to a steady stream of sample (C). Now, let us assume at first that the analyte concentration is on specification, i.e., it agrees with the analyte concentration of the standard (B). If, when one mixes the titrant (A) with the sample stream (C), the mass flow (equiv./s) of titrant precisely matches the mass flow of analyte, then the resulting mixture is on set-point. However, when the analyte concentration fluctuates, the fluctuations are registered by the sensor it is clear that the continuous measurement by mixing A and C is only occasionally interrupted by alternatively mixing A and B in order to check the titrant for its constancy. 

For this case the principle of continuity can be expressed by any of the following three equations. 

A second aim has been to make the book more nearly self-contained and to this end a substantial introductory chapter has been written. In addition to the material provided in the first edition, the principles of continuity, momentum of a flowing fluid, and stresses in fluids are discussed. There is also an elementary treatment of turbulence. 

The mixing of the sample and reagents in predetermined proportions rather than specific volumes is a fundamental principle of continuous flow analysis and is achieved by using a constant-speed roller bar peristaltic pump and flexible plastic delivery tubes of different internal diameters. These pump tubes are stretched between two plastic end-blocks, which hold them taut between a... 

Once approved by the regulators, commercial manufacturing processes are launched and the principles of continuous improvement are applied. These principles have been widely used in the chemical industry due to their large potential for economic benefits and now also have been adopted in the pharmaceutical industry, partially enabled by the QbD initiative. 

According to ABJ, the ICEAS technology s ability to operate using the principle of continuous feed (inflow) with intermittent cycles of aeration, settling, and effluent decantation, distinguishes it from other SBR systems. ABJ claims that this feature makes it unnecessary to... 

The principle of continuity of electric displacement at the interface implies that eH < H = esc electric field strength in the Helmholtz layer and H is its permittivity. Assuming for estimations < H H /LH, we obtain 0H , c, if the following inequality is satisfied ... 

Perhaps the hypersorption process (7) of recent years may be thought new and it is new in applying the mechanical principle of continuous operation to charcoal adsorption, but such adsorption on a batch process was in use more than 25 years ago and became obsolete in competition with absorption. Now the continuous hypersorption method appears to be finding a real field of usefulness, especially in making very high recoveries of propane and in recovering substantial amounts of ethane. Recovery of ethane is beginning to be important, in connection with its use as a chemical raw material for the reactions mentioned previously in this paper. 

The management believes in the effectiveness of a quality assurance system based on complying with the provisions of ISO 9003 and our principle of continual progress through defect prevention and improvement. This system is managed by our quality assurance department, whose role is to implement and maintain a structure and control its evolution in order to ... 

Figure 4.111 Principle of continuously working laser module and folding module [109].

These laws (determined by Michael Faraday over a half century before the discovery of the electron) can now be shown to be simple consequences of the electrical nature of matter. In any electrolysis, an oxidation must occur at the anode to supply the electrons that leave this electrode. Also, a reduction must occur at the cathode removing electrons coming into the system from an outside source (battery or other DC source). By the principle of continuity of current, electrons must be discharged at the cathode at exactly the same rate at which they are supplied to the anode. By definition of the equivalent mass for oxidation-reduction reactions, the number of equivalents of electrode reaction must be proportional to the amount of charge transported into or out of the electrolytic cell. Further, the number of equivalents is equal to the number of moles of electrons transported in the circuit. The Faraday constant (F) is equal to the charge of one mole of electrons, as shown in this equation ... 

Stewart129 derived a relation between the gas and liquidholdups assuming the flux of liquid in the wakes of bubbles to be kUoa, where k is the mean value of liquid-wake volume/bubble volume. He used the principle of continuity and assumed thal if this system is particulately fluidized (i.e., in the case of zero gas flow rate), a relation proposed by Richardson and Zaki.114 namely,... 

The evidence which has been collected in the last two decades shows that all gaseous reactions, and also many reactions in solution, are reversible in this sense under the requisite conditions (thus the gas reactions above are reversed at high temperatures). By the principle of continuity we are then led to conclude that they are reversible under all conditions, and that the difi culty or impossibility under certain circumstances of... 

Sverdrup et al. (1992) have developed the PROFILE model, which is based on the principle of continuity of alkalinity or ANC in soil. The critical load is defined as the allowable acid loading that will not acidify forest soils and cause the release of aluminum and hydrogen ions to soil solution ... 

The above relationship defines the physical principle of continuity - mass conservation. A more concise mathematical representation of the mass conservation principle is given for a flow with a density of p and flowing at a speed of u by... 

Automatic Continuous-Flow Analysis. At the time of writing, the only system of automatic analysis to have gained widespread acceptance in clinical chemistry laboratories employs the principle of continuous flow devised by Skeggs (S4) and incorporated into the AutoAnalyzer. Application of the AutoAnalyzer to large batches of samples can materially improve the reproducibility of the results (Section 6.2). The principles of the AutoAnalyzer are by now well known and do not require recapitatulation relevant features of the functioning of the basic process modules will, however, be discussed. Other more specialized modules... 

The same principles of continuous fractionation apply in the batch rectifier, except in batch distillation the compositions and column conditions change continuously with time. 

Colorimeters are constructed based on the principle of continuous ray. That means the light ray passes continuously from the light source to the detector. The main elements of every colorimeter are a light source, two cuvettes, a detector and a monitoring device. One cuvette is used for the reference solution and has the same thickness of the sample room. Usually, the thickness of the sample room and consequently the thickness of the analyzing sample can be varied in the analyzing cuvette. The principle scheme of the colorimeter is shown in Figure 2.50. 

Fig. 9.7.25 The authors principle of continuous sampling from a flowing reactor contents stream in a fast sample loop.

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