Primer effect

All the stimulating primer effects in mammals analyzed so far share a common hormonal pathway the first measurable event is stimulation of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) release. This, in turn, stimulates LH levels and leads to increases of estrogens in females and testosterone in males. In females, changes in size and function of uterus and ovaries follow, while males respond... 

Khan, T. Y. and Stoddart, D. M. (1986). Demonstration of an odorous intramale primer effect in short-tailed vole, Microtus agrestis L. Journal ofChemical Ecology 12,2097-2106. 

Olsen, K. H., Bjerselius, R., Petersson, E., etal. (2000). Lack of species-specific primer effects of odours from female Atlantic salmon [Salmo solar L.) and brown trout Salmo truttaL.). Oikos 88,213-220. 

Pheromones may elicit a behavioral response (releaser effects), longer-lasting developmental (primer effects) mediated via hormones, or both (see Fig. 2.2). So for example, prior exposure for some days to the female pheromone(s) in the premolt urine of the shore crab Carcinus maenas primes his sexual behavioral responses such as cradling when he is later exposed to the female premoult urine (Ekerholm and Hallberg 2005). 

Brown, R.E. 1985. The rodents I effects of odours on reproductive physiology (primer effects). In Social Odours in Mammals (Ed. by R.E. Brown D.W. McDonald), vol 1, pp 245—344. Oxford Clarendon Press. 

Experimental work has revealed a complex relationship between the vomeronasal and olfactory systems. Although the vomeronasal system mediates most of the classical primer effects, olfaction appears to regulate, in part, the expression of at least one. Normally, the reproductive systems of rats do not respond to shortened daylengths however, removal of the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs or intranasal zinc sulfate treatment, but not removal of the vomeronasal organ, induces photoperiodism in rats (Nelson et al., 1985). Furthermore, many behavioral responses to chemical cues are affected by lesion of the vomeronasal system (see Table 1). Hence, the vomeronasal system and olfaction modulate both primer and signaller effects, and may interact depending upon past experience. This latter contention has been pursued in our laboratories in studies of animals lacking the sensory afferents of the vomeronasal system. 

Slow migration of condensing siloxanols into the latex particles result in loss of primer effectiveness as the latex ages. Methyltrimethoxysilane and Z-6020 have the optimum solubility characteristics for most latex systems. 

Among the most important types of releaser pheromones are the sex attractants. Sex attractants are pheromones secreted by either the female or, less commonly, the male of the species to attract the opposite sex for the purpose of mating. In large concentrations, sex pheromones also induce a physiological response in the recipient (for example, the changes necessary to the mating act) and thus have a primer effect and so are misnamed. 

White pigmented shellac is used as a primer—sealer for iaterior appHcations. Shellac is used as a protective coating for pharmaceuticals to maintain the potency of medication. Several coats of shellac gla2e protect medication from the effects of stomach acids so that the medication is not released before the tablet reaches the intestines. 

The reluctance of acrylic monomers to polymerise in the presence of air has been made a virtue with the anaerobic acrylic adhesives. These are usually dimethacrylates such as tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The monomers are supplied with a curing system comprising a peroxide and an amine as part of a one-part pack. When the adhesive is placed between mild steel surfaces air is excluded, which prevents air inhibition, and the iron present acts as a polymerisation promoter. The effectiveness as a promoter varies from one metal to another and it may be necessary to use a primer such as cobalt naphthenate. The anaerobic adhesives have been widely used for sealing nuts and bolts and for a variety of engineering purposes. Small tube containers are also available for domestic use. 

Effect of corrosion inhibiting primer on strength retention after exposure to salt spray [29]... 

To be effective, there must be a certain minimum concentration of inhibitor at the interface to be protected. Therefore, there must be sufficient inhibitor in the primer, and these inhibitors need to be soluble enough in water to enable transport of inhibitor to the oxide surface as water permeates the adhesive joint. However, too high of a solubility will rapidly deplete the primer layer of inhibitor resulting in a loss of protection. One of the fortuitous properties of zinc and strontium chromates is the limited solubility of these compounds in water (about 1.2 g/1 at 15°C [33]). 

As discussed above, silane primers have been investigated extensively for adhesive bonding of steel substrates and have been shown to be quite effective, but the extent to which these are in current commercial use is not known. 

Surface roughness effects in inorganic primer films... 

In addition to the beneficial effects of creating a textured surface, inorganic primers can provide a very high density of specific chemical attachment sites for... 

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