Primary rainbow

Fig. 15. Polar differential cross section calculated semi-classically for the charge transfer process Na + I - Na+ + I, (a) Calculation with the complete interference structure with omission of the primary rainbow. (b) Approximate semi-classical calculation taking into account only interferences from net repulsive and net attractive scattering, (c) The full bars indicate maxima observed experimentally for net attractive scattering, the dashed bars for net repulsive scattering. H12(RC) = 0-065 eV angular coupling was neglected. (Delvigne and Los, 1973.)...

Pesonen, M., Goksoyr, A., and Andersson, T. (1992). Expression of P450 lAl in a primary culture of rainbow trout microsomes exposed to B-naphthoflavone or 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 292, 228-233. 

Vaillant, C., Monod, G., and Volataire, Y. et al. (1989). Measurement and induction of cytochrome P450 and monooxygenases in a primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. Comptes Redus de L Academic des Sciences 308, 83-88. 

This epoxidation of AFB has been associated with aldrin epoxidase (AE) activity in trout (30). As with other epoxide carcinogens, OAFB may be a substrate 7or epoxide metabolizing enzyme systems such as epoxide hydrase (EH) (EC4.2.1.63) and glutathione-S-epoxide transferase (GTr) (EC4.4.1.7) found in mammals and fish (31, 32, 33, 34). AFB also undergoes a variety of other reactions, generally to less toxic metabolites depending on the species of animal involved (35, 36). The primary AFB metabolite in rainbow trout has been shown to be a reduced form of AFB, aflatoxicol (AFL) (24). 

Rainbows may be seen during showers when the sun is behind the observer the direction of the sunlight determines the forward direction (or line of sight). The angular positions of the primary and secondary rainbows relative to the observer s line of sight are 180° — 137.9° = 42.1° and 180° — 129.1° = 50.9°, respectively. The fraction of the total rainbow that can be seen depends on the solar elevation. When the sun is greater than about 51° above the horizon, no rainbow can be seen even though conditions are otherwise favorable. On the other hand, the complete rainbow—one that forms a complete circle—may be seen from an airplane. 

Were it not for dispersion—the refractive index depends upon wavelength— the aesthetic appeal of rainbows would be greatly diminished. Indeed, the word rainbow used in everyday speech evokes images of a profusion of colors—the colors of the rainbow—rather than just an intensely bright arc in the sky. If we take m = 1.343 as the refractive index of violet light (X — 0.4 jam) and m = 1.331 as the refractive index of red light (X = 0.65 jam) (Irvine and Pollack, 1968), then the angular widths of the primary and secondary rainbows are about 1.7° and 3.1°, respectively. 

The residue depletion profile of flumequine in uout seems to be quite similar to that in the sea bass (174). When flumequine was administered to seabass as a mixture with the feed at a dosage of 12 mg/kg bw for 5 days, residues of flumequine in muscle tissue could be detected by 36 h after the last treatment. The relatively high temperature of the sea water (21-25.3 C) in this study was suggested as the primary factor determining the rapid depletion of residues from the fish tissue. In another study (175), flumequine disappeared from muscle of sea bream at 240 h after the end of treatment, but showed a longer depletion rate from skin and vertebrae that behaved in fact as reservoir tissues. Much slower depletion profiles have been reported in studies carried out with Atlantic salmon (158, 170, 176), rainbow trout (177), and some wild fish caught in the vicinity of fish farms such as saithe and cod (178). 

Low bioconcentration factors for uranium were observed in fish. The highest bioconcentration factors observed in fillet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), white and finescale suckers (Castastomus catactomus), and lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis) did not exceed a value of 38 (Mahon 1982 Poston 1982 Swanson 1983, 1985). Ahsanullah and Williams (1989) concluded that the primary source of uranium for crab (Pachygrapsus laevimanus) and zebra winkle (Austrocochlea constricta) was from water since both fed and starved animals took up uranium at the same rate. 

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