Primary alcohol definition

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) in wine is by definition the enzymatic conversion of L-malic acid to L-lactic acid, a secondary process which usually follows primary (alcoholic) fermentation of wine but may also occur concurrently. This reduction of malic acid to lactic acid is not a true fermentation, but rather an enzymatic reaction performed by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) after their exponential growth phase. MLF is mainly performed by Oenococcus oeni, a species that can withstand the low pFi (<3.5), high ethanol (>10 vol.%) and high SO2 levels (50 mg/L) found in wine. More resistant strains of Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus can also grow in wine and contribute to MLF especially if the wine pH exceeds 3.5 (Davis et al. 1986 Wibowo et al. 1985). The most important benefits of MLF are the deacidification of high acid wines mainly produced in cool climates, LAB contribute to wine flavour and aroma complexify and improve microbial sfabilify (Lonvaud-Funel 1999 Moreno-Arribas and Polo 2005). 

The higher alcohol mixture has been found to contain the following primary alcohols ra-propanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-l-butanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 2,4-dimethyl-l-pentanol, 4-methyl-l-hexanol and the following secondary alcohols isopropanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol. In addition, there are definite indications of 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexanol, 4 or 5-methyl-l-heptanol, 3-pentanol, 2-pentanol, and 2-methyl-3-pOntanol. ... 

Classification Linear primary alcohol ethoxylate Definition PEG deriv. of undecyl alcohol Empirical C21H44O6... 

This definition of an oxidation-reduction relation allows us to relate alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Addition of two hydrogen atoms to the double bond of a carbonyl group constitutes reduction to the corresponding alcohol. Aldehydes give primary alcohols ketones give secondary alcohols. The reverse process, removal of hydrogen to furnish carbonyl compounds, is an example of oxidation. Together, these processes are referred to as redox reactions. 

Synonyms Alkenes, C6-14, polymerized Definition Polymer synthesized from C6-14 olefins Uses Emulsifier In cosmetics ManufJDistrib. Somerset Cosmetic Co. Variati CPP. See Calcium polyphosphate C11 primary alcohol. See Undecyl alcohol C13-15 propane diamine... 

Synonyms Branched C-11 fatty alcohol polyethylene glycol ether, 7 EO PEG (7) undecyi ether POE (7) isoundecanol POE (7) undecyi ether Classification Linear primary alcohol ethoxyiate Definition PEG deriv. of undecyi alcohol Ionic Nature Nonionic Empirical ... 

Ethanol readily passes across the placenta and into the fetal circulation. The fetal alcohol syndrome has three primary features microcephaly, prenatal growth deficiency, and short palpebral fissures Other characteristics include postnatal growth deficiency, fine motor dysfunction, cardiac defects, and anomalies of the external genitalia and inner ear. A definite risk of producing fetal abnormalities occurs when ethanol consumption by the mother exceeds 3 oz daily, the equivalent of about six drinks. 

A tetra-ammonium dihydrogen carbonate, (NH4)4H2(C03)3,H20, can be prepared by heating the commercial salt to fusion, and allowing the liquid to solidify4 by crystallizing the commercial salt from warm ammonium hydroxide5 and by the action of alcohol on the normal salt.8 It forms rhombic plates and prisms, soluble in 5 times their weight of water at 15° C. Its properties are intermediate between those of the normal carbonate and the primary carbonate, and it is doubtful whether it is a definite compound or a mixture of these two salts. 

Paraffin followed by candelilla wax and microcrystalline waxes, and eventually by beeswax, are considered as the most effective moisture barriers derived from edible waxes (Morillon et al. 2002). There is no satisfactory chemical definition for the term wax which is used for a variety of products of mineral, botanical and animal origin that contain various kinds of fatty materials (Table 23.4). The term resins or lacs can also be used for plant or insect secretions that take place along resins ducts, often in response to injury or infection, and result in more acidic substances (Hernandez 1994). However, all waxes tend to contain wax esters as major components, that is, esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids. Depending on their source, they may additionally include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, triacylglycerols, and so on. 

Local injection treatment methods for non-varicose bleeding have proved uncomplicated, quick to carry out, independent of location, extremely reasonable in terms of cost and also very successful. Absolute alcohol, adrenaline, pohdocanol and hypertonic sodium solution are among the active substances used. (26) A combination of suprarenin and pohdocanol has meanwhile been established as first choice adrenaline (0.005—0.01%) is injected into the mucous membrane surrounding the lesion in order to induce vasoconstriction. Directly afterwards, pohdocanol (1%) or a hypertonic NaCl solution may be injected at the edges of the lesion, resulting in local oedema with vascular compression and thrombosis. The reported effectiveness of this method for primary haemostasis is 83—100%, and definitive haemostasis is attained in 91 —94% of cases. The complication rate is < 1%. 

The presence of a substituent in the 3-position of the NCA precludes equilibrium (6) and hence prevents the occurrence of reaction (18). It follows that, on the basis of the mechanisms described above, such NCA s should not polymerize unless a protic base (for example a primary or secondary amine) or other source of protons (for example, 3-methyl hydantoin) is present. If it could be established that polymerization does proceed with an aprotic base in aprotic media then some other mechanism of polymerization must be operative. This matter has been of central importance in discussions of various mechanisms of polymerization which have been advanced (Section 3). Experimentelly, it is not easy to obtain definitive evidence because of the high sensitivity of NCA s to protonic impurities (such as water and alcohols) in the presence of bases. It has been shown [18, 19, 38a] that proline NCA (X) and sarcosine NCA (I Ri = R2 = H, R3 = CH3) do not polymerize in the presence of tertiary bases under strictly aprotic conditions. With alkoxides, realization of such conditions is difficult, but it would appear that, at least with proline NCA, such strong bases can bring about ionization of the methine hydrogen and hence initiate polymerization as shown in (26). Evidence for this mechanism is provided by the observation that while sodium methoxide enriched... 

---