Price, focus

Eledronic RPQ.T FP generation Eledronic procurement d MRO Selected indred materials Open Loop SRM Sydems Intranet disperses information Price focused reverse auctions Electronically enabled internal order transfers... 

CTO prices are closely tied to the cycles of the U.S. economy and the paper industry. They vary between 120 and 220 per metric ton. In 1995 they were close to 200/t (4). With 50% of pine wood being converted to linerboard valued at 400— 600 per ton, pulp manufacturers do not focus on optimum black Hquor soap recovery, which only amounts of 60—70 kg/1 of southern pine pulp. This soap is converted to 30—35 kg of CTO, worth 6— 7 or less than a Htde over 1% of the pulp value (5). This recovery is only 45% of the CTO available in the pine tree. With more care and higher CTO prices, 10—15 kg of additional CTO could be obtained per ton of pulp (6). 

The indirect liquefaction basehne design is for a plant of similar size. Unhke the direct hquefaction basehne, the design focuses on producing refined transportation fuels by use of Sheh gasification technology. Table 27-17 shows that the crude oil equivalent price is approximately 216/m ( 34/bbl). Additional technological advances in the production of synthesis gas, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and product refining have the potential to reduce the cost to 171/m ( 27/bbl) (1993 US dollars), as shown in the second column of Table 27-17. 

Because of low prices and steadily rising performance on the part of technical and standard plastics, the application of natural fibers came to a near halt. The current critical discussion about preservation of natural resources and recycling led to a reflection about natural materials, the focus centuring on regrowing raw materials [2]. 

By their very nature, operations in the energy indus-tiy are characterized by high risk. Operating an oil well, a power plant, or petrochemical plant is considerably more complex and costly than running most other operations. Losses may be infrequent, yet when they occur they could be substantial. The risks involved in these kinds of operations can be classified under two categories—technical (engineering) risk and financial (price) risk. This article focuses on Financial Risk. 

A Maack Scheidl Partnership CH-8804 Au/near Zurich, Switzerland Tel +41-1-781 3040 Fax +41-1-781 1569 http //www.MBSpolymer.com Plastics technology and marketing business service, which organizes global conferences, and edits a range of reports and studies, which focus on important worldwide aspects of polymer research, development, production, and end uses. Provides updates on plastic costs, pricing, forecast, supply/demand, and analysis. Identified early in the cycle are trends in production, products and market segments. 

The cost price of a bulk chemical is determined primarily by the cost of raw materials, which could represent > 80% of the total costs. Process development/improvement in bulk chemicals is, hence, focused on decreasing these variable costs, e.g. for a product with a volume of 100,000 tpa and a raw materials quote of 2/kg, 1% increase in yield corresponds to savings of 2 million per annum. In fine chemicals, in contrast, emphasis is placed on the reduction of fixed costs, which are relatively high, by process simplification. For example, for a product with a volume of 100 tpa and fixed costs of 40/kg, if the volume yield (amount produced per unit reactor volume) is doubled, this corresponds to savings of 2 million per annum. 

The implications of the differences in pharmaceutical prices between countries can be far-reaching for any health system with public funding. Let us focus our attention on two aspects. The first of these concerns the capacity of price regulation systems to guarantee low prices without causing excessive harm to incentives to innovate. The second concerns the widespread practice of using observed prices in other countries as a reference for the pricing authorization of new pharmaceuticals. 

We now conclude this work by showing how differences in regulation can account for such substantial differences in competition between one country and the other. We focus our attention on three aspects first, we discuss the differences in market entry regulations, then we go on to describe the differences in price regulations, and finally, we show the differences that exist in demand-side pohdes within the respective public health systems. 

This chapter focuses on the issue of co-payment, which occurs in insurance environments when insurer and insured share the payment of the price of the medicine. Using this as our central axis, we begin by addressing certain conceptual aspects, including the various forms, formulas and personal extension of co-payment, in the first section, and in the second section we go on to make a comparison between co-payment in insurance markets and in compulsory public insurance systems. 

Those studies that focus on the UK, where co-payment takes the form of a fixed sum, also lead to the conclusion that the number of prescribed drags is sensitive to increases in co-payment. Elasticities for that country have been quantified in the interval -0.22 to -0.50, according to the review by Hitiris.24 The price elasticity in the UK between 1971 and 1982 was, according to a study by Lavers,25 in the region of -0.15 to -0.20. 

In this review, we focus on the effect of anisotropic interactions, in particular parallel attractions, and demonstrate that the inclusion of such interactions in a model leads to a great richness in possible polymer phase behavior. From a practical point of view, the model that we describe has the advantage that it is computationally very cheap—although this advantage comes at the price of sacrificing the greater realism of an off-lattice model. 

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