Preputial

Reductive amination of AT-succinyl chitosan and lactose using sodium cyanoborohydride in a phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) for 6 days was suitable for the preparation of lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan (Fig. 3). Over 10% of dose/g-tissue was distributed to the prostate and lymph nodes at 48 h postadministration in both chitosan and lactosaminated N-succinyl chitosan. The labeled lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan was easily distributed into not only the liver but also prostate, intestine, preputial gland and lymph nodes [153]. 

Boar preputial glands also contain some active compounds not related to the major Pheromaxein component. 

Brouette-Lahlou I., Godinot F. and Vemet Maury E. (1999). The mother rat s vomeronasal organ is involved in detection of dodecyl propionate, the pup s preputial gland pheromone. Physiol Behav 66, 427-436. 

Ma W., Miao Z. and Novotny M.V. (1999). Induction of estrus in grouped female mice (Mus domesticus) by synthetic analogues of preputial gland constituents. Chem Senses 23, 289-293. 

Mancini M., Majumder D., Chatteijee B. and Roy A.K. (1989). a2p.-Globulin in modified sebaceous glands with pheromonal functions localisation of mRNA and protein in preputial, Meibomian and perianal glands. J Histochem Cytochem 37, 148-157. 

Marchlewska-Koj A., Pochron E. and Slilwowska, A. (1990). Salivary glands and preputial glands of mice as a source of estrus-stimulating pheromone in female mice. J Chem Ecol 16, 2817-2822. 

Welsh C.J., Moore R.E., Bartlett R.J. and Jackson, L.L. (1988). Novel species-typical esters from preputial glands of sympatric voles. J Chem Ecol 14, 143-158. 

Haderian gland Preputial gland [Multiple organ sites]... 

Physical development including vaginal opening and preputial separation. 

Korenbrot, C.C., Huhtaniemi, I.T. and Weiner, R.I. (1977). Preputial separation as an external sign of pubertal development in the male rat. Biol. Reprod. 17 298-303. 

Nares Clitoral/preputial gland Zymhal s gland... 

These two compounds were as effective as intact preputial homogenate in eliciting this effect, while an extract of castrate preputial tissue did not show any pronounced effect [35]. 

Finally, preputial secretion of male mice probably assumes pheromone activity as attractant for females only after having been metabolized by microorganisms (Ninomiya and Kimura, 1988). 

FIGURE 6.2 Structure of dodecyl propionate, found in the preputial gland of rat pups. 

The scent marking of male feral boar, Sus scrofa, with metacarpal and preputial glands varies with rank and the social environment. The dominant boar marked more often than the subordinate one when paired, but did not mark at all when alone (Mayer and Brisbin, 1986). 

The concentrations of 16 constituents of male mouse urine vary with the male s dominance status. Dihydrofurans, ketones, and acetates decreased in subordinates. Two sesquiterpene compounds, a- and /3-farnesene, are elevated in dominants urine 1 week after establishing dominance. The bladder or voided urine of dominants contains more 2-5ec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. Four compounds depend on hormones a- and /5-farnesene, dehydro-exo-brevicomin, and 2-5cc -butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. The latter two are absent in urine of immature or castrated males, and testosterone treatment restores their presence. In addition, a-and /3-farnesene do not occur in urine of immature males and are merely reduced in urine of castrates. They are not found in bladder urine and originate in the preputial glands (Harvey etal., 1989). While subordinate male mice have reduced levels of farnesenes, levels of their major urinary proteins remain high (Malone etal, 2001). 

Candidate compounds for sex pheromones have been isolated from cervico-vaginal mucus of domestic cows. Several diols, ketones, and amines were identified in fractions that released sexual responses in bulls, such as sniffing and licking the sample, fiehmen, penile contraction, and preputial secretion (Klemm etal, 1987). 

Eemale mice are attracted to urine and preputial secretion from male mice. Preputialectomy renders males less attractive. The combination of an androgen-dependent factor in the urine and an androgen-independent factor in preputial secretion is essential for attracting females (Ninomiya and Kimura, 1986, 1988). 

Brouette-Lahlou, I., Amouroux, R., Chastrette, F., et al. (1991). Dodecyl propionate, attractant from rat preputial gland characterization and identification. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17,1343-1345. 

Ninomiya, K. and Kimura, T. (1986). Preference of female mice for odors from urine and preputial gland secretion of males. Zoological Scietue 3,1103. 

Male odors that influence the preference of female mice roles of urinary and preputial fectors. Physiology and Behavior44,791-796. 

A 2-year gavage study at 250 and 500 mg/ kg demonstrated a dose-related statistically significant excess of tubular cell adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the kidney in male rats, a number of preputial gland tumors in dosed male rats, and a probable increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in high-dose male... 

---