Preparation by electrochemical deposition

N2) have shown that the best results were obtained by treatment in an environment containing oxygen. But the factors controlling this type-conversion junction formation are one of the most important points to consider to achieve useful CdS/ 

CdTe thin-film solar cell performance. 

The effect of chemical bath composition, electrodeposition potential, etc., on film composition was determined [317]. The precursor films were loaded in a physical evaporation chamber and additional In or Cu and Se were added to the films to adjust the final composition of CIS. The device fabricated using electrodeposited Cu-In-Se precursor layers had a solar cell efficiency of 9.4%. CIS thin films have also been obtained from different precursors prepared by direct or sequential electrodeposition processes [303]. The results showed that thin crystalline chalcopyrite CIS films with the desired composition can be obtained after annealing, whether directly or sequentially electrodeposited precursors at 400 °C. An improvement in film quality was obtained by using an electrodeposited Cu layer as the growth surface for CIS formation. If elemental Se was also added during the heat treatment, then a higher recrystalHzation of the films was observed. A new approach for CIS formation by sequential electrodeposition of Cu and In-Se layers and subsequent heat treatment with elemental selenium in Ar + H2 flows has been presented [304]. An increase in the film crystallinity was achieved 

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The influence of Pt modihcations on the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of Ru(OOOl) electrodes has been investigated on structurally well-defined bimetallic PtRu surfaces. Two types of brmetalhc surfaces were considered Ru(OOOl) electrodes covered by monolayer Pt islands and monolayer PtRu/Ru(0001) surface alloys with a highly dispersed and almost random distribution of the respective surface atoms, with different Pt surface contents for both types of structures. The morphology of these surfaces differs significantly from that of brmetaUic PtRu surfaces prepared by electrochemical deposition of Pt on Ru(0001), where Pt predominantly exists in small multilayer islands. The electrochemical and electrocatal5d ic measurements, base CVs, and CO bulk oxidation under continuous electrolyte flow, led to the following conclusions ... 

The structure of a polycrystalline electrode depends on its preparation. Usually toe rough electrodes are prepared by electrochemical deposition of a given metal onto a suitable substrate. Microcrystals present in polycrystaUine samples are randomly oriented on the surface. Most likely, not only basal but also higher MiUer-index planes should be considered in anticipating toe final structure of the electrode surface. It was shown that the stmcture of the platinized platinum surface depends strongly on toe platinization conditions, e.g., on toe concentration of the platinization... 

Mercury film electrode (MFE) A thin layer of elemental mercury, usually on graphite, prepared by electrochemical deposition from an aqueous solution of mercury(ii). 

Figure 19(a) shows the temperature dependence of resistance R(T) for bismuth nanowire arrays (dw = 7 - 200 nm) synthesized by vapor deposition and measured by Heremans et al. (2000). Hong et al. (1999) reported similar resistance measurements on bismuth wires of larger diameters (200 nm to 2, uni) prepared by electrochemical deposition (Fig. 19(b)). These two studies... 

R(T) is predicted to display a monotonic temperature dependence at a high defect level. This is illustrated by the dashed curve in Fig. 19(c) for polycrystalline 70-nm bismuth wires. Because the nanowires prepared by electrochemical deposition were found to be polycrystalline, their carriers would experience more boundary scattering, resulting in the monotonic R(T) behavior noted experimentally in Fig. 19(b). 

Cejkova J, Prokopec V, Brazdova S, Kokaislova A, Matejka P, Stepanek F (2009) Characterization of copper SERS-active substrates prepared by electrochemical deposition. Appl Surf Scl 255 7864-7870... 

Photocurrent spectroscopy and a time-resolved variant of this method have been used to characterize hybrid thin films of crystalline ZnO modified by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato zinc (TSTPPZn) and 2,9,16,23-tetrasulfo-phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (TSPcZn), which were prepared by electrochemical deposition [747]. In films containing both sensitizers, panchromatic sensitization was observed. Details of the modification procedure had considerable influence on the photoelectrochemical efficiency of the films. 

Figure 1. SEM image of the as-prepared thin ZnO film prepared by electrochemical deposition. Inset shape of water droplet on the surface of ZnO thin film. Reproduced with permission from [23]. Copyright 2003 American Chemical Society.

Typical SHSs prepared by electrochemical deposition and etching... 

Zheng J, Sheng Q, Li L, Shen Y (2007) Bismuth hexacyanoferrate-modified carbon ceramic electrodes prepared by electrochemical deposition and its electrocatalytic activity towards oxidation of hydrazine. J Electroanal Chem 611 155-166... 

As a typical example. Figure 6 shows the decay scheme of Co which populates the 14.4 keV Mossbauer level of Fe with a lifetime of T=140ns. The isotope Co can be produced in a cyclotron by the nuclear reaction Fe(d,n) Co. The decay of Co occurs essentially by electron capture (99.8 %) from the K-shell leaving a hole in this shell which is tilled from higher shells under emission of a 6.4 keV X ray. Sources of Co are usually prepared by electrochemically depositing the carrier-free isotope on metallic supports and then diffusing it into the metal at high temperatures. 

One of the earliest applications of the template method was to prepare ensanble miCTo-scopic (7, 18) and nanoscopic electrodes (116, 141). Such electrodes were prepared by electrochemically depositing noble metals within the pores of the commercially available polymeric filtration membranes. The fabrication of a microelectrode ensemble based on the electrochemical deposition of platinum into the pores of a track-etched microporous polycarbonate host membrane was first shown in 1987 by Charles Martin (7). The word ensemble was used to describe the final device because the elements in the device are not evenly spaced. The procedure is simple, and requires only routine and inexpensive electrochemical instrumentation. It was ultimately found that electroless plating allowed for more uniform metal deposition (116). Both plating methods are important for the fabrication of the array, and further considerations continue in the following. 

Thin films of TPyTAPZn have also been prepared by electrochemical deposition [131, 132]. The n-type character was preserved as shown by capacitance measurements. No clear preference of a photocurrent direction could be established, however, and the photocurrent action spectrum had no resemblance with the absorption spectmm of the material. It had to be assumed that the effect is caused by impurities in the film, which are incorporated during electrochemical film deposition. 

Stefanov, P., Stoychev, D, Stoycheva, M., Ikonomov, J., Maiinova, T., (2000). XPS and SEM characterisation of zirconia thin films prepared by electrochemical deposition. Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 30, pp. 628-631, ISSN 1096 - 9918... 

Several years later, Rose and Liberto reported [18] on the formation of polyisothianaphthene (1) by oxidation of the dihydro polymer 4 (polydihydroisothianaph-thene) prepared from isothianaphthene (3) with meth-anesulfonic acid. Films of the processible dihydro polymer 4 could be aromatized to 1 using sulfuryl chloride (SO2CI2) and showed properties similar to those of the material prepared by electrochemical deposition from 3. Pressed pellet conductivity of 1 prepared from a solution of 4 and SO2CI2 was reported to be 50 S/cm [18]. 

Fig. 3.15 Nanowire arrays as SERS substrate prepared by electrochemical depositions. The scheme of the preparation procedure and SEM image of a typical substrate (adapted with permission from Liu et al. 2014. Copyright 2014 Namie Publishing Group)...

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