Predators mites

Fungi maintained on media containing sublethal concentrations of trichothedn developed resistance to this fungicide. It is assumed that a trichothecinase enzyme is formed, which inactivates the antibiotic (Sidorova, 1967). From the point of view of environmental protection, trichothedn has no deleterious effect on predator mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis). In a concentration of 0.0001%, it enhances photosynthesis, but at 0.001 % it has an inhibiting effect. It has no residual effect (Petrukhina et al. 1975). 

Hartl, D. L. Brown, S. W. (1970) The origin of male haploid genetic systems and their expected sex ratio. Theoretical Population Biology, Vol.l, pp. 165-190 Helle, W., Bolland, H. R., van Arendonk, R., De Boer, R. Schulten, G. G. M. (1978) Genetic evidence for biparental males in haplo-diploid predator mites (Acarina Phytoseiidae). Genetica, Vol.49, pp. 165-171... 

One of the best illustrations of high specificity is di(4-chlorophenoxy) methane (Neo-tran), which has been used for some time commercially in the field, principally for the control of the citrus red mite. So far there has been no indication of undesirable effect upon pollinating insects or on desirable predators or parasites. 

Beneficial insects associated with fruit orchards show different responses to diflubenzuron treatment (Broadbent and Pree 1984). Lacewings (Chrysopa oculata) in contact with leaves containing 300 mg/kg DW had reduced survival and inhibited molting of first instar larvae, but the assassin bug (Acholla multispinosa) was not affected by contact with treated leaves. Lacewings and other beneficial predator insects fed diflubenzuron-treated, two-spotted spider mites (Tetrany-chus urticae) for 3 days showed no adverse effects after 14 days (Broadbent and Pree 1984). 

Mites are arachnids in the order Acari and should not be classified or referred to as insects. Mites are typically very small (about 0.5 mm) and have oval bodies with little or no differentiation of their two body regions. Over 50 species of mites have been found associated with stored products some feed directly on stored products, but others are predators, feed on fungi, or are parasites of other stored-product pests such as birds or rodents (Boczek, 1991). Mites can be important pests of stored food worldwide, but their economic importance varies considerably with location, commodity, and management practices. Some mite species can cause allergic reactions in... 

Several species of mites (order Acarina) are effectively controlled by oil sprays. The European red mite, a major pest of fruit in the northeastern United Stat, is a member of this group. This pest appears to have become more severe as a result of the general use of DDT. Such a situation is explained by the fact that mites are not controlled by DDT, while certain parasites and predators of mites are killed by it. The continued use of DDT under these circumstances favors the build-up of mites. 

For some herbivores, the responses to herbivore-induced plant odors differ under different circumstances. For instance, the spider mite I urticae is more attracted to healthy lima bean leaves than leaves that emit volatiles induced by spider mite infestation (Dicke, 1986 Dicke and Dijkman, 1992). However, Pallini etal. (1997) found that the same mite is attracted to cucumber plants that are already infested by conspecifics. In contrast, T urticae avoids the odor of cucumber plants under attack by the western flower thrips, FranJdiniella occidentalis, which is a herbivore but also feeds on spider mites. Bark beetles can cause strong reactions in their host trees, resulting in the emission of a blend of volatile terpenoids that, in combination with aggregation pheromenes, is used in mass attacks. These same substances may attract predators (Byers, 1989) and parasitoids (Sullivan et al, 2000 Pettersson, 2001 Pettersson et al, 2001) to infested trees. 

Comparison of cultivars of ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii on production of spider mite-induced volatiles, and their attractiveness to the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27 1355-1372. 

Sabelis, M. W. and van de baan, H. E. (1983). Location of distant spider-mite colonies by phytoseiid predators demonstration of specific kairomones emitted by Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi. Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata 33 303-314. 

Organic growers also use biological control. They are allowed to import natural enemies of pests. This works either through predation or parasitism. This has proven effective for the control of red spider mite and specific caterpillars, and does not affect other insects. And a third technique is to use insect traps ranging from sticky yellow strips to pheromone or sexual lures. The pheromone traps use synthetic extracts of the chemical scents that... 

Many mite species are aposematically colored but especially in water mites (Hydrachnidia), which are usually avoided by fish (only occasionally found in fish stomachs) and many invertebrate predators, a foul taste (secretion probably from dorsal skin glands) may be correlated with bright colors especially red.103... 

There are urgent economic reasons for trying to control predation in Africa by biting, sucking flies and acarines (ticks and mites). Among them are identified the vectors of mammalian parasitic and virus diseases such as trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), filariasis such as onchocerciasis (river blindness), leishmaniasis, malaria, Dengue fever and East Coast fever (Theileriosis) (ECF). 

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