Power requirement for pipelines

Impressed-current systems for power stations are somewhat more sophisticated than those required for pipelines or marine structures inasmuch that a large number of items of plant, with a wide range of current requirements, are protected by one transformer-rectifier. Each section of every water box in order to provide even current distribution requires one or more anodes. In the case of a large circulating water pump as many as 30 anodes may be required to provide the current distribution necessary. Three types of system should be considered as follows ... 

The power required for pumping will be given by the product of the volumetric flowrate and the pressure difference between the pump outlet and the discharge end of the pipeline. Taking note of the fluctuating nature of the flow, it is necessary to consider the energy transferred to the fluid over a small time interval and to integrate over the cycle to obtain the mean value of the power. 

This value must be increased to account for air leakage and for possible blockage of pipelines. If it is doubled and the blower has an efficiency of 70% the required BHP will be around 15. If the motor has an efficiency of 90% the power required for blowers B-601 and B-602 will be 12.5 kw. 

Determine the pump power required for this pipeline. How will the power requirement change if the flow rate is increased by 20% ... 

Pipelines distribute the major part of natural gas from the production sites to the high-demand areas. Thereby, compressor stations have to compensate the losses arising during the transport, which are approximately 0.1 bar/km. The pressure within the pipes should not exceed 100 bar. The power required for the compression results from the volume flow Vi and the ratio of the pressure T before and after the compression. 

Figure 4.43 Influence of pipeline bore on power requirements for given parameters.

This ehapter provided an integral view on membrane based post-combusion CO2 capture from eoal fired power plants. Sinee membranes generally do not feature the same seleetivity towards CO2 as ehemical absorption processes, a precise specification of the boundary conditions up- and downstream of the membrane unit was performed first. While the flue gas condition have been derived on the basis of a simulation, literature presently provides only little tangible information regarding CO2 purity requirements for pipelining and... 

Gas temperature is an important quantity when designing gas transmission lines, since pipelines are designed for large flows and their consequent higher compressor requirements. The compressor power required at each station depends to a great extent on the gas temperature. Rowing gas temperature must be controlled to a... 

It may be noted that energy will be required for compressing the air to the injection pressure which must exceed the upstream pressure in the pipeline. The conditions under which power-saving is achieved have been examined by DZIUB1NSKI(25j. who has shown that the relative efficiency of the liquid pump and the air compressor are critically important factors. 

The Directive establishes a number of rules intended to promote competition and market integration. The most important provision is the so-called third party access to the pipeline system. This means that the pipeline owner has an obligation to contract in respect to a third party wishing to transport gas. The consequence of this is that the pipeline owner cannot by the power of ownership decide who shall be permitted to use the transport facilities. Third party access makes possible increased competition among gas sellers and opens up the market for transport services. Another important aspect of the Directive is the requirement for unbundling of accounts between the various gas-related operations in integrated undertakings. 

Since, as shown in Fig. 5, changing the moisture level of wood chips from 50% to 67% increases the requirement for field biomass in direct combustion by 78% for a given output of heat and power, it is evident that water-based pipelining of wood chips cannot be economical for direct combustion, because the increase in field harvest cost associated with the higher biomass requirement is larger than any possible transportation cost saving. For straw, so much water is taken up that the LHV is effectively zero pipeline transport of straw to a direct combustion application would destroy the heating value of the fuel. 

Synthetic peptides often lack the conformational stability required for a successful drug therefore determination of peptide stability in serum constitutes a powerful and important screening assay for the elimination of unstable peptides in the pipeline of drug development (see Note 1). Peptide stability in serum can rather easily be determined by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectroscopy (MS) from both in vitro and in vivo studies. 

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